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THE HOUSE OF CROMWELL.
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THE
HOUSE OF CROMWELL
H Gcnealooical ftnston? of tbe jfamil\> ano
£>escenoants of tbe protector.
JAMES WAYLEN,
Sometime Secretary of Thomas Carlyle.
A NEW EDITION, REVISED
BY
JOHN GABRIEL CROMWELL, M.A. Oxon.,
Hon. Canon of Durham.
LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C
1897.
[All rights reserved.)
116279S
J^
PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.
IN order to render Mr. Waylen's book more complete
and interesting to the general reader, the Publisher
has decided to prefix a new chapter designed to
trace as far back as possible the family from which the
Great Protector derived his origin. He has also added
a chapter at the end on the Cromwells in America.
The book, which has been revised throughout and very
much condensed, now presents the history of the family
from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century. It may
seem proper, but almost unnecessary, for the editor to
say that he does not agree with the sentiments of the
late Mr. Waylen upon very many subjects.
PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
THE following pages arc primarily designed to
contain genealogical tables of the Protector
Oliver's descendants to the present day,
and thus to carry down through another
century the family history which terminated in 1785
with the publication of Mark Noble's " History of the
Protectoral House." Other miscellaneous matter is added,
illustrative of the Protector's character, all which will
speak for itself. But the mention of matter, supple-
mentary to Mr. Carlyle's collection of the Protector's
" Letters and Speeches," claims a few preliminary obser-
vations.
About the year 1842, Mr. John Langton Sanford, of the
Temple, struck by the astounding discrepancies which had
long been conspicuous among the biographers of Oliver
Cromwell, resolved to make an independent investigation
on his own account, and to commence the task by forming
as complete a collection as possible of the hero's letters
and speeches. Of these, he had brought together about
three hundred, when Mr. Carlyle's work on the same
subject came forth to light in 1845. As each collection
viii Preface.
contained documents which were wanting in the other,
Mr. Sanford promptly and generously surrendered his own
contingent, which accordingly made part of Mr. Carlyle's
second edition of 1846. To specify what that contingent
supplied would now be a superfluous task ; it may suffice
to mention that it included the Clonmacnoise Manifesto —
perhaps the most masterly and characteristic specimen on
record of Cromwell's polemical discernment.
It is agreeable to add that the results of these studies on
Mr. Sanford's own mind were already in felicitous accord-
ance with the Carlylean decisions, and had issued, to use
his own terms, in a clear conviction that the theory of
Cromwell's hypocrisy and selfish ambition was devoid
of all support in the real facts. He had learnt also that
the lives of Pym, Hampden, and many others of that
time, required re-writing quite as much as that of Crom-
well ; and he became increasingly solicitous that his ac-
cumulated stores " might be moulded into a work supple-
mentary to that of Mr. Carlyle, and affording a critical
refutation of the large mass of calumnious anecdote which
still passes for history in works of such general value and
authority as Mr. Forster's " Statesmen of the Common-
wealth." Such a work, therefore, appeared in 1858 — the
original title of " Life of Oliver Cromwell " being sup-
planted by " Studies and Illustrations of the Great Rebel-
lion " — and a very fascinating book it is, fully answering
the proposed design, without in the smallest degree dis-
turbing the majestic supremacy of the Protector. It
closes with a graphic account of the fight at Marston
Moor, which had never before been rightly adjusted ; and
it supplies a few additional letters, which also may now be
read in Carlyle's later editions.
But, indeed, that gallant crisis in the fortunes of England
and of Europe may well sustain other supplementary
illustration besides Mr. Sanford's classic essays. The
position which the British Protector appeared to be as-
Preface. ix
suming in the councils of foreign nations when death laid
him low is apprehended by very few. Englishmen seem
to have forgotten the motives which prompted him to
snatch from Papal Spain the port of Dunkirk and adjacent
part of Flanders. Nay, the majority of his compatriots
seem to have forgotten that he ever held Dunkirk at all.
The loss of Calais was more than redeemed ; and the
Protestant ensign, under which Gustavus Adolphus fought
and fell, floated over territory torn from Papal Spain. The
whole affair was eminently calculated to re-awaken the
enthusiasm which the leadership of the Protector had
formerly kindled ; for the Flanders campaign, though
executed by deputy, was rightly felt to be animated by his
spirit. His representatives, meanwhile, at the Gallic Court,
where Huguenots had sued in vain, received homage which
was withheld from the very Legate of Rome — a strange
spectacle, startling to all Europe — alike anomalous, por-
tentous, and inexplicable. To many a lip the question must
then have risen, which in later years has again and again
baffled the logic of Oliver's defamers : Wherein lay the
divining power which could thus bring an aspiring Cardinal
and a French autocrat under the fascination of a heretical
island chieftain, whose political aspirations, all undisguised
as they were, were backed by but a very moderate military
power ? The answer, surely, is found in the fact, that
every step in his career was known to be the expression
and outcome of habitual faith in the Unseen. To his
Parliaments, and to those who came still more closely in
contact with him, it was sufficiently manifest that his
every thought was with the Eternal ; but Milton gives us
further to understand that the contagion of his spiritual
force carried the better part of the nation along with him.
Through Lockhart's medium the same sentiment would
remotely influence Mazarin, offering a more honourable —
and shall we not say rational ? — explanation of his bearing
towards the English Protector than the mere vulgar fear
x Preface.
which is all that the Cardinal's enemies can discover in
him. The downright integrity and absence of self-seeking
of Oliver was a new phenomenon in the history of
monarchs, and at the bottom of their hearts the people
hailed his advent as that of a practical saviour. In short,
" There has not been a supreme governor worth the meal
upon his periwig, in comparison, since this spirit fell
obsolete," says Carlyle, in his comments on Speech V.
There, gentlemen, is that strong enough ? That it will
for ever silence his detractors, can hardly be looked for.
But it is in the firm belief, that the majority of his country-
men are rapidly reaching the same conviction, that the
tribute of the following pages has been rendered.
Should it be objected against him, that his organization
of parochial religious life was a mongrel affair, let it also
be remembered that in the transition age through which
the nation was passing it was a matter of exceptional per-
plexity. Robert Hall, in many respects a kindred spirit,
when repelling on one occasion the notion that any
particular form of Church-government was stereotyped for
all ages, exclaimed, " That which is best administered is
best." That Cromwell's administration of this and
every other department was the very best conceivable
is not the thing to be proved. That he deemed it the
best under the actual circumstances of the hour, and
made it the best by the simple force of his personal
Christianity, is all that his admirers claim — sufficiently
entitling him to the eulogy above expressed, ratified as
it is by the testimony of a contemporary who, having,
like many others, watched him long and closely, pro-
nounced him " the justest of conquerors." (Carrington's
" Life of Oliver Cromwell.")
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
THE HOUSE OK CROMWELL .
I'AGli
I
CHAPTER II.
OLIVER, LORD PROTECTOR .
I9
CHAPTER III.
ROBERT, ELDEST SON OF THE PROTECTOR
CHAPTER IV.
OLIVER, SECOND SON OF THE PROTECTOR
25
CHAPTER V.
RICHARD, THIRD SON OF THE PROTECTOR
28
CHAPTER VI.
HENRY, FOURTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR AND HIS DE
SCENDANTS . . . -43
xii Contents.
CHAPTER VII.
l'AGE
JAMES, FIFTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR . . ,86
CHAPTER VIII.
BRIDGET, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF THE PROTECTOR, AND HER
DESCENDANTS . . . . . 87
CHAPTER IX.
ELIZABETH, THE PROTECTOR'S SECOND DAUGHTER. . IIO
CHAPTER X.
MARY, THE PROTECTOR'S THIRD DAUGHTER . . 115
CHAPTER XI.
FRANCES, THE PROTECTOR'S FOURTH DAUGHTER, AND HER
DESCENDANTS . . . . . I 23
CHAPTER XII.
THE YOUNGER SONS OF SIR HENRY CROMWELL, THE GRAND-
FATHER OF THE LORD PROTECTOR OLIVER, AND HIS
BROTHERS AND SISTERS . . . . -183
CHAPTER XIII.
SOME ANECDOTES AND TRAITS OF OLIVER CROMWELL . 198
CHAPTER XIV.
THE CROMWELLS OF AMERICA .... 253
*.i-iuji.-jr.x'r~irjL.jri-.j\'ii.j?ji:*-ii.Jh-A-jrj!jrK
CHAPTER I.
THE HOUSE OF CROMWELL.
A
S early as 1308 we find a nobleman bearing the
name of Baron John de Cromwell,* who held
the high and responsible office of Constable of
the Tower of London. He was regularly sum-
moned to Parliament till his death, which occurred in
I335« His seat in the country was Tattershall Castle, not
far from Boston, in Lincolnshire. He was succeeded by
Baron Ralph de Cromwell, who died in 1399 ; by another
of the same name, who died in 1419 ; and then by a third
of the same name, who died in 1455. This nobleman at-
tained to the dignity of Lord High Treasurer of England,
under Henry VI., the pious founder and princely benefactor
of Eton. In the churchwardens' accounts of the parish of
St. Margaret's, Westminster, we find mention of a " Lorde
Crumwell " (sic) as a resident f therein in the year 1572.
The investigations made by Mr. Carlyle for his edition
of " Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches" led him to
conclude that there were other Cromwells in the Fen
counties ; and, in his own quaint phraseology, he says
that "without any ghost to teach us we can understand
* Vide " Historic Peerage," by Sir Harris Nicholas.
f Vide "Westminster Tobacco-box," by Mr. J. E. Smith, i8S7.
The House of Cromwell.
that the Cromwell kindred all got their name in very old
times indeed" from the village of "Cromwell," which
lies about five miles north of Newark.
Owing to the industry of an indefatigable antiquary of
this generation, Mr. John Phillips, we have been enabled
to trace a clear link of connection between one of the
lords of Tattershall Castle and a resident near Newark
named " John Cromwell." The way in which this dis-
covery was made was as follows. Mr. Phillips was
fortunate enough to obtain the permission of Earl
Spencer, the Lord of the Manor of Wimbledon, to
examine carefully the Court Rolls of the manor for the
fifteenth century. Therein he discovered numerous
entries of the name of " Cromwell." The first of that
name mentioned in those old musty documents was one
John Cromwell, who is therein stated to have come from
Norwell, a village not far from the village of Cromwell.
He was a fuller by trade, and he obtained the lease of a
fulling-mill for twenty-one years, together with a residence
and six acres of land belonging thereto, situate near the
river Wandle, in the ancient Manor of Wimbledon. This
lease was granted to John Cromwell in the year 1452, by
the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was then the Lord
of the Manor. Now, we happen to know that the custo-
dian of the temporalities of the Archbishop at that time
was a certain Sir Gervase Clifford, who also held the
office of Secretary to the Lord Treasurer Cromwell of
Tattershall Castle. It requires no great stretch of imagin-
ation to suppose that it was due to the tie of consan-
guinity that John Cromwell obtained his lease through
the hands of his powerful kinsman's secretary.
It is easy to conjecture that John Cromwell desired to
push his fortune by removing from a country village to
the immediate neighbourhood of London, where he could
pursue his business as a cloth-fuller to greater advantage
and profit than he could down in Nottinghamshire. We
The House of Cromwell.
learn that John's father, William Cromwell, held a lease
of Palme Hall, at Norwell, and that he was a grandson
of William, fourth son of the sixth Ralph de Cromwell,
of Lambley, Nottingham. It will not escape the reader's
observation that Ralph was the favourite name of the
above-mentioned Barons de Cromwell, who resided in
Lincolnshire. We may conclude, with every appearance
of certainty, that the Cromwells of Lincolnshire had
originally sprung from the Cromwells of Nottinghamshire,
and that some connection continued to be kept up
between the two branches of the family at least down to
the middle of the fifteenth century.
Let us see what more can be gleaned about John
Cromwell, the cloth-fuller from Norwell. His fulling-
mill appears to have stood near the river Wandle, in a
lane formerly called Fulling-mill Lane, in the parish of
Wandsworth. Here cloth, imported into London from
Flanders by London merchants, was brought to be
" fulled," and then dyed and finished ready for the cloth
fairs held at Smithfield Market. For eight-and-twenty
years John Cromwell pursued his business on the Wandle,
and appears to have been diligent and successful in his
business ; for he acquired, in addition to the lease of his
fulling-mill, with land and house adjoining, the copyhold
of some land at Putney, which is called "Cromwell's"
in the existing Court Rolls of the manor. At his death,
which occurred about 1480, he was buried in Wimbledon
churchyard, overlooking the Valley of the Wandle. Behind
him he left two sons, John and Walter, and one or two
daughters. Follow we first the history of John, the
eldest son. He became a copyholder of land in the
parish of Lambeth, and also of a brewery at Stockwell
Green, where he carried on his business as a brewer till
his death, in 1523, and was buried in Lambeth church-
yard. In the churchwardens' accounts of the parish of
Lambeth the following entries occur :
The House of Cromwell.
" 1514. Recd of John Cromwell towards making our suits
of vestments 6s 8d.
1515. Recd for the burial of John Cromwell's woman-
servant 4d.
152 1. Recd from John Cromwell for reparation of the
Church 20s od.
1523. Recd for burial of John Cromwell 8s 6d, and for
ringing his knell 6d."
In his will he directed that his body should be buried
in the churchyard of " our Lady of Lambithe " (Lam-
beth now), that 4s. should be given to the " High
Altar " for " tithes and oblations forgotten," that 3s. 4d.
should be given to the " fraternity of Sl Christopher,"
and 6s. 4d. to the reparation of the church. It will be
remembered, of course, that a shilling then was worth
almost as much as a sovereign now. His two sons
followed their father's occupation as brewers, and their
names are found, together with that of their distinguished
cousin Thomas, amongst the members of the household
of Cardinal Wolsey, at Hampton Court, in the subsidy
assessment for the year 1526.
******
Having followed far enough the history of the eldest
son of John Cromwell of Norwell, let us now fix our
attention upon his second son, Walter, for it was through
him that the most eminent members of the family derived
their origin. To the Court Rolls of the Manor of Wimble-
don we are again led by Mr. John Phillips for information.
It thence appears that Walter succeeded his father (John)
in the business at the fulling-mill on the Wandle ; for
when the lease, originally granted to John Cromwell of
Norwell, expired, in 1473, it was renewed in favour of his
son Walter, who added to the business of a fuller of cloth
several other kinds of business. We learn that he held
in the parish of Putney several copyhold lands and tene-
The House of Cromwell.
ments, and there he carried on business as a smith, an
armourer, a brewer, and a " hostelry-keeper."
In thus combining under one management so many
diverse kinds of business, Walter may be almost said to
have anticipated some of the big London firms of the
nineteenth century.
In his youth he was apprenticed to his maternal uncle,
who was a smith and brewer at Putney, and when his
apprenticeship expired, he joined his father in conducting
the fulling-mill on the Wandle, but did not forget or
abandon his original trade as a smith and armourer, and
thus he was described in the local records sometimes as
a smith, sometimes as a fuller, and sometimes as a brewer.
Indeed, in the Court Rolls he is variously entered as
"Walter Cromwell otherwise called Walter Smyth," and
" Walter Smyth alias Cromwell," and "Walter Cromwell
alias Smyth."
It is suggested that the reason why he was sometimes
called " Smyth" was because his uncle's name, to whom
he was apprenticed, was William Smith, armourer, smith,
and brewer, at Putney.
In the parish of Putney, Walter Cromwell held thirty
acres of land under the Lord of the Manor of Wimbledon,
which had belonged to the successive Archbishops of
Canterbury from the days of William the Conqueror.
Some of this land is said to have been situated close to
the Thames, between the west side of Brewhouse Lane
and the east side of Putney Churchyard. His brewery
and hostelry were in Brewhouse Lane, and the hostelry
was conveniently near to the " hithe," or landing-place,
where no doubt a good deal of business was done ; for
Putney was always a busy and important place, owing to
its being on the direct line of transit between London and
West Surrey, while ferry-boats constantly plied between
Putney and Fulham, and boats and barges, some filled
with rich merchandise and some with pleasure-seekers,
The House of Cromwell.
came up from London and Westminster. For more than
a quarter of a century Walter Cromwell is known to have
carried on his various kinds of business at Putney, and
in 1500 we find that he received a considerable addition
to his property in land. For in that year the Court Rolls
tell us that " Walter Cromwell, otherwise called Walter
Smyth, took of the Lord of the Manor six entire virgats "
{i.e., ninety acres) " of land, as well as divers arable lands
in Roehampton." After describing fully and minutely
the exact situation of all these lands in legal phraseology,
the copy of Court Roll concludes by recording that Walter
Cromwell was not required to pay anything for all this
land, "because the Lord" (of the Manor) "for certain
considerations . . . had pardoned payment therefor."
In these quaint words there is something very signifi-
cant, and we ask with curiosity what could have been the
" certain considerations " that moved Archbishop Morton
of Canterbury to make a free grant of ninety acres of
land, together with " divers arable lands in Roehampton,"
to Master Walter Cromwell, in the year of grace 1500.
The answer to this question probably will be found in
the following facts. The maternal grandfather of Walter
Cromwell, like his maternal uncle, was by trade an
armourer and smith, and in that capacity he had found
employment during the Wars of the Roses amongst the
Lancastrian Barons, whose cause he espoused, and whom
he accompanied, like a brave man, to the field of battle ;
where his strong arms, both as a soldier and a smith, were
doubtless very useful. In one of the numerous battles
fought during the thirty years' Civil War he was killed,
fighting on the Lancastrian side. For services thus
rendered by the armourer of Putney, and by his sons, to
the great party which eventually placed Henry VII. upon
the throne of England, it is conjectured that the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury was moved to grant freely those
lands in Putney and Roehampton to " Walter Cromwell
The Hotise of Cromwell.
alias Smyth," whose mother was both a daughter and a
sister of a Lancastrian armourer. Other reasons likewise
may have moved Archbishop Morton to take this course,
for it is conjectured that some of those lands had been
torn from the Putney armourers by a former Archbishop
(Bourchier), who was a strong partisan of the Yorkist
cause, and therefore the grant made to Walter Cromwell
was probably an act of partial restitution. Be this as it
may, we find Walter Cromwell, near the end of his life,
in possession of a considerable amount of property at
Putney, Wandsworth, and Roehampton, though later on
he seems to have lost much of it, and to have died at
his cottage on Wimbledon Green, about the year 15 16,
and was buried probably in Wimbledon churchyard,
beside his father and mother. The reader is doubtless
aware that it is next to impossible to give the exact date
of the birth, marriage, or death of anybody in England
prior to 1538, because before that year there was no
regular and systematic registration of births, marriages,
and deaths kept in this country. It was Thomas Cromwell
who first ordered registers to be kept in all parish churches,
and thus instituted that system of registration which con-
tinues in force with some alterations at the present day.
Before passing from the biography of Walter Cromwell,
it may be mentioned that he twice discharged the office
of " Constable of Putney," in 1495 and 1496, a parochial
office that in all parishes used to be held in turn by
the principal householders in a parish. Three children
survived him — Katharine, born about 1477; Thomas, about
1485 ; and Elizabeth, about 1487. Our interest will be
with Katharine and Thomas principally.
Place aux dames. The lady must come first, in spite
of the fact that her brother afterwards became the most
powerful subject of King Henry VIII.
It was in Putney Church, in the year of grace 1494,
that Katharine Cromwell, then a young lady about
The House of Cromwell.
eighteen years of age, was married to a young man of
Welsh extraction named Morgan Williams. From the
issue of this marriage sprang in the fourth generation,
as we shall presently see, the renowned Lord Protector
of England, Oliver Cromwell.
Morgan Williams was the son of John Williams, who
had migrated from the parish of Llanishen, near Cardiff,
about the end of the fifteenth century, and took up his
abode at Mortlake ; where he married an English wife
distantly connected with the Cromwell family at Putney,
and pursued the avocations of accountant, land-agent,
and lawyer. He seems to have been employed about the
Court at Richmond in the time of Henry VII. and
Henry VIII., and his eldest son, John Williams, is desig-
nated in the record of a lawsuit in the King's Bench
as " de Hospice de Regni," i.e., " of the Royal House-
hold." In 1515 he was appointed " Yeoman of the
Crown " with 6d. a day, thus becoming one of that royal
bodyguard, composed of stalwart Welshmen, on whose
loyalty the two first Tudor Kings could rely ; and we
must never forget that Henry VII. was as much a
Welshman as James I. was a Scotchman, and George I.
was a German. Welshmen, therefore, were naturally
held in favour about the Courts of Henry VII. and his
son, bluff King Harry the Eighth.
In due time a son was born as issue of the marriage
of Katharine Cromwell and Morgan Williams, and the
child was called Richard. Of his early life little is
recorded, but we may conjecture, with every probability
in our favour, that he joined the royal bodyguard of
Welshmen, to which one of his paternal uncles already
belonged ; and that it was thus he became so proficient
in the use of arms, that at a grand tournament held by
the King in 1539 he was* successful in defeating a
Mr. Culpeper and two of the bravest foreign champions
* Vide Dugdale's " Baronetage," ii. 370.
The House of Cromwell.
who had been invited from the Continent to take part
in the royal festivities. It is said that Henry VIII. was
so highly delighted with Richard Cromwell's success in
beating the two foreigners, that he knighted him on the
spot, gave him a ring from his own finger, and said:
" Henceforth thou shalt be my knight." Richard thence-
forth, if not before, abandoned his father's surname,
Williams, and assumed that of his mother's family,
" Cromwell." He had a potent reason for making this
change in his name, for by so doing he proclaimed to
the courtiers his close kinship to the King's chief adviser
and Minister, Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, who had
not as yet fallen beneath the royal displeasure. In
memory of the great tournament and of its fateful results,
Sir Richard Cromwell and his descendants after him
adopted as their crest a lion rampant holding up a ring
in his right paw.
Leaving for a time the history of Sir Richard, we shall
find much to interest us in recovering the story of the
early life of his maternal uncle Thomas, the son, as we
have seen, of Walter Cromwell of Putney, for it is full
of adventure, and not a little romance.
Mr. John Phillips, to whom we are indebted for so
many interesting particulars derived from the Court Rolls
of Wimbledon Manor, says : " We are inclined to think
that Thomas Cromwell, after leaving school, resided at
Mortlake with John Williams ; that he assisted him to
collect rents and debts on the manor . . . and learnt
from him to prepare legal documents for leases and
mortgages. ... At Putney he saw and conversed with
the merchants who came there to buy wool, and heard
much about Italy and other foreign countries." Hence,
says Foxe : " A great delight came into his mind to see
the world abroad, and to gain experience, whereby he
learned such tongues and languages as might better serve
his use hereafter."
io The House of Cromwell.
In prosecution of his desire to see " forraine " countries,
he passed over sea to the great commercial port of
Antwerp, where, says Foxe, " he was retained of the
English merchants " (who at that time resided together
in a factory for mutual protection and convenience) " to
be their dark or secretarie, or in some like condition
pertaining to their affaires." When he was thus employed
at Antwerp, there arrived two merchants from Boston
on their way to Rome, commissioned by their townsmen
to solicit from the Pope, Julius II., a renewal of "a
pardon," as it was called, to the town of Boston, and
to " the brethren and sisters of the gylde of our Lady
in Saint Botulph's church at Boston."
A copy of this " pardon " may be seen in Foxe, and
very curious are the indulgences and relaxations granted
by the Pope to all such as should resort to the Church
of St. Botulph at the great Church festivals — indeed,
his Holiness promised that they should have " pardon
no less than if they themselves personally had visited
the stations of Rome." For such a document as this,
of course, the Court of Rome would demand a good round
sum of money from the merchants who had undertaken
the commission to obtain it. Foxe tells us that these
Boston merchants felt themselves unequal to the task
of " compassing such a weightie piece of worke," and
finding that Thomas Cromwell had acquired some skill
in the Italian tongue, they induced him to accom-
pany them to Rome, and assist them in their weighty
business.
By making acceptable presents to the Pope and his
courtiers, and by offering for his acceptance some "jolly
junkets and fine dishes of jellie made after the best
fashion and manner, which to them of Rome was not
known nor seene before," Thomas Cromwell and his
friends from Boston obtained the coveted "pardon."
This was in the year of our Lord 1510, says our historian
The House of Cromweti. 1 1
Foxe. Thomas would then be about twenty-five years
of age.
Never had the Court of Rome been more notoriously
and shamelessly corrupt than it was at the beginning of
the sixteenth century, and Cromwell must have seen and
heard strange things about the Pope and Cardinals during
his stay at Rome. No doubt his visit to the Eternal City
helped to colour many of his opinions and actions in his
subsequent career as malleus monachorum in England.
Alexander Borgia, one of the most profligate Popes that
ever disgraced and polluted an episcopal throne, had
died in 1503 after a week's illness, induced by drinking
a poisoned cup intended, as was commonly believed, for
one of the guests that sat by his side at supper. "The
moral degradation into which the Papacy sank under
Alexander," says the historian Robertson, " has no parallel
either in its earlier or in its later history. . . . The Pope
and his children " (the notorious Caesar and Lucretia
Borgia) " are accused of profligacy which hesitated at
nothing for its gratification, and never scrupled to remove
obstacles by murder. The Vatican was polluted by revels
and orgies of the most shameless and loathsome obscenity,
of which the Pope and his daughter are represented as
pleased spectators. A letter of the time paints the morals
of the Papal Court in the darkest colours, and speaks of
the Pope as a man stained with every vice. . . ." It was
during the Papacy of this infamous man that the great
Florentine preacher and reformer, Savonarola, was con-
demned, after a mock trial before the Papal Commissioners
at Florence, to be hanged and burnt, and his ashes to
be cast into the Arno.
At the time when Thomas Cromwell (1510) was at
Rome, the occupant of the Papal throne was Julius II.,
a prelate who was accustomed personally to conduct
campaigns, sieges, and other military enterprises, which
were much more congenial to his taste than the perform-
12 The House of Cromwell.
ance of any episcopal functions. Neither age nor sick-
ness could damp his military impetuosity. In the midst
of winter he laid siege to the fortress of Mirandola, and
in spite of frost and heavy snow he personally super-
intended the pointing of his cannon, and gave the word
of command for their discharge. Can we be surprised
at all, that almost every man who paid a visit to Rome
during the Papacy of such Popes as Alexander Borgia,
Julius II., and Leo X. should go away from its gates
with mingled feelings of disgust and disappointment, as
well as with a determination to aid in producing a refor-
mation of abuses in the Church ? Undoubtedly such were
the impressions made respectively upon Thomas Crom-
well, upon Erasmus, and upon Luther by their respective
visits to Rome in the opening years of the momentous
sixteenth century.
After having remained in Italy for some little time,
Thomas Cromwell returned by slow journeys to Antwerp,
and afterwards settled (1514) in London as a wool and
cloth merchant, and also practised as a lawyer and
scrivener in Fenchurch Street. About 1522 he removed
from Fenchurch Street to Throgmorton Street, and shortly
afterwards took a lease from the Mercers' Company of
a mansion called " Great Place," at Stepney. In 1524
he entered the service of the King's chief Minister and
favourite, Cardinal Wolsey, by whom he was confidentially
employed in prosecuting the Cardinal's great undertaking
of building the college of Christ Church at Oxford. In
order to acquire sufficient funds for this purpose, the
Cardinal employed Cromwell in suppressing a certain
number of small monasteries and priories " in divers
places of the realm," and their lands were seized for the
benefit of the new college. Not many years passed before
all the monasteries in England were suppressed by the
same hands. His wife, whom he had married soon after
he had settled in London, died in 1529, and on July 12
The Hotise of Cromwell. 13
of that year he made his will, which has been printed
at the end of the first volume of Froude's " History of
England." It may be seen now in the Record Office,
with the erasures and interlineations made by the hand
of Thomas Cromwell himself. As a proof that he had
not been unsuccessful in his pursuits, it may in passing
be mentioned that the value of the property included in
his will would at the present day be about £36,000. His
subsequent history and sudden downfall are so fully
recorded in every history of England that we need not
further follow his eventful career, which was terminated
on Tower Hill by the axe of the executioner on July 28,
1540.
It is now time for us to return to Sir Richard Cromwell
and trace the links of connection between him and the
Lord Protector of England. As we have seen, he had
managed to win the special favour of that most capri-
cious monarch Henry VIII., and hence when monasteries
and abbeys and priories were suppressed, and their broad
acres and immense wealth were seized by the royal hand,
Sir Richard's claims were not forgotten by Henry and by
his Minister, Thomas Cromwell, the maternal uncle, be it
remembered, of Sir Richard. In the county of Huntingdon
the monks of Ramsey Abbey had secured the possession
of extensive estates and manors, and to Sir Richard and
his heirs all those estates were granted by royal favour.
Thus he became the possessor of the estates that had
formerly belonged to the Abbey of Ramsey, the Convent
of Hinchinbrook, and the priories of Saltrey, Huntingdon,
and St. Neot's. He was made a Gentleman of the Privy
Chamber, Constable of Berkeley Castle, and Captain of
the Horse sent into France under Sir John Wallop. Like
many other English gentlemen of that generation, he
seems to have used the stones of the dismantled abbeys
and priories for the erection of convenient and comfortable
manor-houses at Ramsey and at Hinchinbrook. His
14 The House of Cromwell.
wife was Frances, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas
Murfyn, Lord Mayor of London, and by her he had a son,
Henry, named, as is conjectured, after the King's majesty.
His wife's fortune formed a considerable addition to his
great possessions in Huntingdonshire. In due time Henry
succeeded his father, and having married Joan, daughter
of another Lord Mayor of London — Sir Ralph Warren —
was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and died in 1603. By
this marriage with the daughter of a wealthy London mer-
chant, no doubt the wealth of the family was still further
augmented. Upon account of his great wealth, munifi-
cence, and hospitality, Sir Henry was called " the Golden
Knight."* His uncommon liberality was long remem-
bered and spoken of by the good folk of Ramsey, who had
been accustomed to see him throw money out of his coach
amongst the crowd as he passed along the street of the
little town. When he died, he left the bulk of his estates
to his eldest son, Oliver, but he provided, it is said, £500
a year in land for each of his other sons— Robert, Henry,
and Philip. Very shortly after Oliver had entered upon
possession of his estates at Hinchinbrook, he was called
upon to entertain King James I.,f then on his way from
Scotland to London, there to be crowned King of England,
and so hospitably did the owner of Hinchinbrook enter-
tain his Sovereign, that the King, as a mark of royal
favour, conferred upon him the honour of knighthood.
Thus we see that three members of the family were
knighted by three successive Sovereigns — Richard by
* When Queen Elizabeth was returning from Cambridge in 1564, she slept
at Hinchinbrook, the seat of Sir Henry Cromwell, and was most handsomely
entertained by him. He represented the county of Huntingdon in Parliament
in 1563, and was Sheriff of the two counties of Huntingdon and Cambridge
in four different years.
f Not only did the worthy Knight entertain his Sovereign and retinue
in a princely fashion, but likewise at his departure he made him handsome
presents of a "large cup of gold, goodly horses, deep-mouthed hounds, doves,
and hawks of excellent wing." These royal visits were expensive luxuries,
as we know from other sources.
The House of Cromwell. 15
Henry VIII. , Henry by Queen Elizabeth, and Oliver by
James I.
Sir Oliver's first wife was a daughter of Sir Thomas
Bromley, Lord Chancellor of England ; and his second
wife was the widow of Sir Horace Pallavacini, a wealthy
Genoese merchant. He lived to the advanced age of
ninety-three, and was buried at Ramsey on August 28,
1655. By his two wives he had a numerous progeny, viz.,
five daughters and five sons, all of whom, like their father,
were distinguished for their loyalty to the crown and their
opposition to the Republican party.
One of Sir Oliver's sons, John, was a Captain in a regi-
ment of English soldiers sent by James I. to assist in
recovering the Palatinate for his son-in-law, and subse-
quently he became the Colonel of an English regiment in
the service of Holland. Singularly enough, he was selected
by the Prince of Wales, then an exile in Holland, to carry
letters to Oliver, his cousin, and to intercede with him
for sparing the life of the King — but in vain. Another
son of Sir Oliver — William — also took service under
Frederic, Elector-Palatine, and became a Colonel in his
wars for the crown of Bohemia. He also held the office
of " carver " in the household of the Princess Elizabeth,
wife of Frederic.
No trace of any issue from either John or William has
yet been discovered.
So deeply did the elder branch of the family detest the
proceedings of their cousin Oliver, the Lord Protector,
that some of them dropped the very name of Cromwell,
and reverted to the name of Williams. Sir Oliver's ex-
treme liberality towards all, from King to peasant, com-
pelled him to sell Hinchinbrook in 1627 to Sir Sidney
Montague, an ancestor of the Earl of Sandwich ; and
later on he had to part with Newport and Easton, in
Essex, to Henry Maynard, Esq., an ancestor of the pre-
sent Countess of Warwick, to whom Easton Park now
1 6 The House of Cromwell.
(1896) belongs. The exactions and oppressions, more-
over, of the Republican party, directed against all rich
Royalists, almost ruined old Sir Oliver and his sons, so
that nearly all their estates had passed from their hands
by the year 1675, when Ramsay became the property of
Colonel Titus, author of the famous pamphlet entitled
"Killing no Murder."
Henry, the eldest son of Sir Oliver Cromwell, born in
1586, took an active part on the Royalist side in the Great
Rebellion, and in consequence his estate was sequestered
by the Parliamentary Commissioners ; but his cousin
Oliver, the Lord Protector, caused the fine to be remitted
and the land to be restored to its owner. Henry sur-
vived his father only two years, and died in 1657, leaving
several daughters and one son, Henry. His eldest son,
James, a Colonel in the Royalist army, had died before
his father, without leaving, so far as is known, any issue.
He fought on the Royalist side, and commanded a regi-
ment of Cavaliers. His other son, Henry, born in 1625,
succeeded to the family estate on the death of his father ;
retook the name of Williams ; sat in several Parliaments
as member for Huntingdonshire, and gave his vote in 1660
for the restoration of Charles II. to the throne of his
father. Notwithstanding the leniency shown to him by
his cousin, the Lord Protector, so many demands had
been made upon his patrimony that he died a poor man
in 1673, leaving no son behind him, but a widow in pos-
session of a very small jointure. The extensive estates,
derived originally from the spoliation of the abbeys, had
gradually passed from the hands of the Cromwells, who
had been for a hundred years one of the most opulent and
important families in Huntingdonshire. It will be noticed
that the property had been acquired by a man who belonged
to the Reformation party in the sixteenth century, and
was lost by men who took the side of the Royalist party
in the seventeenth century.
The House of Cromwell. 17
Though the elder branch of the family thus disappeared,
there remained numerous representatives of the name,
sprung from the three other sons of Sir Henry, " the
Golden Knight," namely, Robert, Henry, and Philip.
Moreover, the Rev. Mark Noble, in his " Memoirs of the
House of Cromwell," published in 1787 (vol. i., p. 81),
expressed an opinion that from Francis, the brother of
" the Golden Knight," a family descended, who bore the
name of Cromwell, alias Williams, and possessed property
both in Huntingdonshire and Glamorganshire. Noble
expresses himself very positively, saying, " It appears to
me almost certain to a demonstration that these are the
descendants of Francis Cromwell, Esq., the younger son
of Sir Richard." From this family it is quite possible
that some of those who bear the name of Cromwell at the
present day may have descended, although the genealogical
line cannot now be distinctly traced.
From Robert, the second son of Sir Henry, "the Golden
Knight," sprang Oliver, the Lord Protector, born in St.
John's parish, Huntingdon, on April 25, 1599, and
baptized in the parish church on the 29th day of the
same month, receiving his name from his uncle and god-
father, Sir Oliver, of Hinchinbrook. Into the history of
that most remarkable man, who was at once one of the
ablest statesmen and one of the most daring, skilful, and
successful generals that have ever sprung from the Anglo-
Saxon race, it is not intended fully to enter. From the
time when he entered Parliament, in 1640, to the day of
his death, September 3, 1658, his history forms an im-
portant part of the history of England. During those
eighteen eventful years he plstyed a conspicuous part —
hated and feared by thousands, and admired, almost
adored, by at least an equal number. He received his
early education at the grammar-school of his native town,
and in April, 1616, he entered as an undergraduate at
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Upon the death of
The House of Cromwell.
his father, in 1617, he went to study law at Lincoln's Inn,
and the most damaging stories were told in after-years by
his political enemies respecting this portion of his life.
" If his professed enemies be credited," says Noble, " it
will appear he had no guard whatever upon his actions at
this period." But we cannot believe all that his professed
enemies said about him. When his father died, Oliver
was only eighteen years of age. At twenty-one he was
married in St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate — the church
where John Milton was buried. In 1628 he was sent to
Parliament as member for the borough of Huntingdon.
In 1631 he sold all his property in Huntingdon, and went
to St. Ives, where he resided upon a farm till 1636, when
he took up his residence at Ely, and farmed some land
which had been recently bequeathed to him by his maternal
uncle, Sir Thomas Steward. There he continued to reside
in a house adjoining St. Mary's Church till 1647, and he
seems to have taken an active part in the management of
local affairs and charities. In 1640 he took his seat in the
famous Long Parliament as member for Cambridge, and
then began the long and bitter struggle between King and
Parliament.
The history of that fierce struggle, as already remarked,
belongs to the general history of England, and does not
enter into the plan of this book. The foregoing pages
have been written with the object of placing before the
reader a succinct account of the House of Cromwell, so far
as is known, from the year 1308 to the opening of the
great Civil War of the seventeenth century. In the suc-
ceeding pages will be found a genealogical account of the
descendants of Oliver, the Lord Protector, followed by an
account of the male descendants of his uncles, Henry and
Philip.
CHAPTER II.
OLIVER, LORD PROTECTOR.
OLIVER CROMWELL, the only surviving son
of Mr. Robert Cromwell, of Huntingdon, and
Elizabeth Steward, of Ely, was born at Hunt-
ingdon, April 25, 1599, and christened in the
parish church of St. John, receiving his baptismal name
from his uncle and godfather, Sir Oliver Cromwell, of
Hinchinbrook, Knight. On August 22, 1620, he was married
at St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate, London, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir James Bourchier, of Felsted, in Essex,
Knight, and had issue five sons and four daughters, namely :
Robert, baptized at Huntingdon, October 13, 1621 ;
buried at Felsted, May 31, 1639.
Oliver, baptized at Huntingdon, February 6, 1623 ; died
of small-pox, 1644.
Richard, who succeeded his father in the Protectorate,
born at Huntingdon, October 4, 1626 ; died at Cheshunt,
July 12, 1712.
Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, born at Huntingdon,
January 20, 1628 ; died at Spinney Abbey, March 23,
1674.
James, baptized at Huntingdon, January S, 1632 ; died
in infancy.
20 The House of Cromwell.
Bridget, baptized at Huntingdon, August 4, 1624 ;
buried at St. Anne's, Blackfriars, July 1, 1662.
Elizabeth, christened at Huntingdon, July 2, 1629 ;
died at Hampton Court, August 6, 1658.
Mary, born at Ely, christened at Huntingdon, Feb-
ruary 9, 1637 ; died at Chiswick, March 14, 1713.
Frances, christened at St. Mary's, Ely, December 6,
1638 ; died [at Spinney Abbey ?] January 27, 1721.
Note.— In the above list, and in all subsequent dates throughout this work,
the year will be treated as commencing, not (as was the practice in England
at the Civil War period) on March 25, but on January 1.
THE PROTECTRESS ELIZABETH.
The scurrilous literature which at the period of the
Restoration found a victim in the quiet, dignified Lady
Protectress is beneath notice. She was not without
annoyance from the Government itself. Even before the
King's return the newspapers were charging her with
secreting sundry goods at a fruiterer's warehouse near
the Three Cranes in Thames Street, including pictures and
other royal property, with a view to exportation. And a
few weeks later a search-warrant was issued, directing her
and her sons to deliver up various deeds and evidences
belonging to the Marquis of Worcester. These tribula-
tions drew from her the following petition :
" To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
"The humble petition of Elizabeth Cromwell, widow, —
Sheweth, that among the many sorrows wherewith it hath
pleased the allwise God to exercise your petitioner, she is
deeply sensible of those unjust imputations whereby she
is charged of detaining jewels and other goods belonging
to your Majesty ; which, besides the disrepute of it, hath
exposed her to many violences and losses under pretence
of searching for such goods, to the undoing of her in her
Oliver, Lord Protector. 21
estate, and rendering her abode in any place unsafe ; —
she being willing to depose upon oath that she neither
hath nor knows of any such jewels or goods. And
whereas she is able to make it appear by sufficient testi-
mony that she hath never intermeddled in any of those
public transactions which have been prejudicial to your
Majesty's royal father or yourself, and is ready to yield
an humble and faithful obedience to your Majesty in
your government, — She therefore humbly prays that your
Majesty would be pleased to distinguish betwixt the con-
cernments of your petitioner and those of her relations
who have been obnoxious ; and out of your princely
goodness vouchsafe her a protection, without which she
cannot expect, now in her old age, a safe retirement in
any place of your Majesty's dominions. And she shall
ever pray, etc. „ £ Cromwell."
This document is endorsed, " The petition of Old Noll's
Wife." As to the venerable lady's whereabouts during
this revolution of things, we have but scanty evidence.
She had been ordered to quit the Cockpit soon after her
son Richard's abdication ; and we can hardly doubt that
Henry, whose return from Ireland she was anxiously
soliciting, now took her under his protection. Just
before the King's arrival, Henry Coventry, writing to the
Marquis of Ormond, April 27, says : " Cromwell's widow
is stolen out of town, and her nighest friends pretend not
to know whither." It has been asserted that for awhile
she sought retirement in Wales, and even in Switzerland.
All we know for certain is that she eventually found a
permanent asylum at Northborough House in North-
amptonshire, near Market Deeping, the residence of her
son-in-law Claypole (still standing as a farmhouse), and
that there she died on November 19, 1665. Further par-
ticulars respecting her latter days will occur in the lives
of her children, Richard, Mary, and Frances.
J^j., -,-.». a:-, -"s,?-yr»'^r?r;^"",T, ,-':.. ■\;^^^',7.-7^^rggiI-y:i-,-i.j--?.
CHAPTER III.
ROBERT, ELDEST SON OF THE PROTECTOR.
ROBERT was sent, together with his brother
Oliver, and perhaps also with Richard, to the
free grammar-school of Felsted, then under the
management of Mr. Holbeach. This school,
which had been founded by Lord Rich in 1564, was then
in considerable repute. Drs. John Wallis and Isaac
Barrow are said to have received their early education
there. But what principally recommended the place to
the judgment of Oliver was, no doubt, the circumstance
that his sons would there be under the watchful observa-
tion of their maternal grandfather, Sir James Bourchier,
whose seat, Grandcourts, was in the same parish on the
road between Braintree and Felsted. Other neighbouring
friends and relatives were the Mashams of Otes. The few
scanty notices of this Robert, who was evidently a son
after the father's heart, are of a very interesting character.
The first occurs in 1638. Cromwell had been making a
brief stoppage at Otes, where his cousin, Mrs. St. John,
happened also to be paying a visit. Perhaps, as Mr.
Carlyle suggests, he may have been taking one of his sons
over to Felsted School, and on returning home took occa-
sion to ride round by way of Otes and have a talk with his
Robert, Eldest Son of the Protector. 23
pious kinsmen. The discourse passing at that interview
had evidently been of a devotional character ; so Mrs. St.
John reminds him in a subsequent letter. Cromwell's reply
to her is one of his most characteristic epistles ; but the
only use we need make of it here is to quote the reference
it contains to one of his sons, presumably Robert: "Salute
all my friends in that family whereof you are yet a member.
I am much bound unto them for their love, I bless the
Lord for them, and that my son by their procurement is
so well. Let him have your prayers, your counsel ; let
me have them."
Seven months later this Robert died at Felsted,* of
small-pox, to the unspeakable grief of his father. It was
to this event he alluded on his death-bed, when he said,
"This text" ["I can do all things through Christ who
strengthened me"] "did once save my life, when my eldest
son died ; which went as a dagger to my heart ; indeed it
did." It was long supposed that the son thus alluded to
was young Oliver, who fought by his father's side ; and
under this impression Mr. Carlyle inserted the name hypo-
thetically into that colloquy, thus : " when my eldest son
[poor Oliver] died " — which Monsieur Guizot copying,
but failing to mark the doubt, introduced as " mon pauvre
Olivier " into his own text, thus treating it as an un-
questionable fact. The error had no doubt acquired con-
firmation from a passage in the father's letter of condolence
to his brother-in-law, Valentine Wauton, who lost a son
at Marston Moor. " Sir," says he, " you know my own
trials this way " ; and then soon after, recalling his
favourite text, he adds, " You may do all things by the
strength of Christ. Seek that, and you shall easily bear
your trial." He had himself, in fact, just been compelled
to put to the test the principle here recommended to his
* The old schoolroom, in which Oliver's sons were taught by Mr. Holbeach,
still stands, and now is used as the Sunday-school. The names of many
scholars are cut into the old oak wainscot.
24 The House of Cromwell.
brother. It is now fully confirmed that Robert, and not
Oliver, was the son whose premature death rose to his
memory in the hour of his own closing conflict. The
discovery of this interesting fact is due to a writer in the
Edinburgh Review, January, 1856, whose narrative is as
follows : " In the register of burials in the parish church
of Felsted for 1639 occurs this entry :
" Robertus Cromwell Alius honorandi viri Militis Oliveris
Cromwell et Elizabeths uxoris ejus sepultus fuit, 31 die
Maii. Et Robertus fuit eximie pius juvenis Deum timens
supra multos."
CHAPTER IV.
OLIVER, SECOND SON OF THE PROTECTOR.
OLIVER accompanied his brother Robert, as stated
above, to Felsted School. On the breaking out
of hostilities, that brother having recently died,
Oliver was the only one of the sons old enough
to bear arms, and he could not have been more than
twenty when his name appears as Cornet in Troop Eight
of Earl Bedford's Horse. Very few traces of his military
career survive, except in the form of a reference to him
occurring in Simon Gunton's " History of Peterborough."
In that chronicle the elder Cromwell is represented, ac-
cording to the usual custom of ignorant church-guides,
as having been engaged in the mutilation of the cathedral.
Young Oliver's share in the transaction becomes visible
through the medium of one of his troopers, who, being
about to burn a manuscript relating to the antiquities of
the see, was persuaded by Mr. Humphrey Austin, the
precentor, to surrender it for the sum of ios., and to
ensure its preservation by subscribing an acquittance on
the fly-leaf, which Mr. Austin thereupon prefaced by the
following "Memorandtn. — This book was hid in the Church
by me, Humphrey Austin, February, 1643, and found by
one of Colonel Cromwell's soldiers when they pulled down
26 The House of Cromwell.
all the seats in the Choir, 22 April, 1643. And I making
inquiry among them for an old Latin Bible which was
lost, I found out at last the party who had it, and I gave
him for the book ten shillings, as you see by this acquit-
tance " [here following].
" I pray let this scripture book alone, for he hath paid
me for it, and therefore I would desire you to let it alone.
By me Henry Topcliffe, soldier under Captain Cromwell,
Colonel Cromwell's son. Therefore I pray you let it alone.
Henry Topcliffe. 22 April, 1643."
The book thus rescued was entitled, " The Leger-book
of Peterborough," being the annals of the see, compiled
by a monk of the establishment named Robert Swapham.
We know full well that the Cromwell family, wherever they
could make their influence felt throughout the war, rigor-
ously discountenanced violations of this kind ; and a letter
of the younger Oliver turns up at this very date to corro-
borate the fact.
" To the right worshipful and worthy friend Samuel Smythe,
Esq., Steward of the City of Norwich.
" Worthy Sir,
" I am sorry that I should have such an occasion
to write to Norwich, concerning those which say they
came from that noble city which hath furnished our armies
(I can speak by experience) with godly men ; but indeed
I suppose them rather spurious offspring of some ignoble
place. Sir, thus it is, that among honest men, some
knaves have been admitted into my troop, who coming
with expectation of some base ends but being frustrated
of them, and finding that this cause did not nourish their
expectations, have to the dishonour of God, and my dis-
credit, and their own infamy, deserted the cause and me
their captain. Therefore, Sir, look upon them as dis-
honourers of God's cause, and high displeasers of my
Oliver, Second Son of the Protector. 27
father, myself, and the whole regiment. In brief, I would
desire you to make them severe examples, by taking and
returning the arms and horses of all that have not a ticket
under my hand, and to clap them up into prison, and
inflicting of such punishment as you shall think fit. Es-
pecially I desire that you would deal severely with one
Robert Waffe [Wasse ?] and Simon Scafe. Pray, Sir,
cause to return speedily all that had liberty from me to go
to their friends. And likewise I desire you would secure
a good horse from some of your malignants to mount one
of my soldiers, John Manning, now at Norwich, who was
lately taken prisoner by the enemy and by that means
destitute. And pray do me the favour to mount such men
as this bearer, Richard Waddelow, my clerk, shall procure.
And so I rest,
" Yours to command,
" Oliver Cromwell.
" From my quarters at Peterborough,
"15 Aug. 1643."
Young Oliver died of small-pox at Newport Pagnell in
the second week of March, 1644. He was a very hand-
some young gentleman, says the author of the memoir
of Richard Cromwell in " Lives and Characters of Illus-
trious Persons dying in 171 1." " His father had suddenly
summoned him to join the army, and he soon after fell a
victim to that complaint in the flower of his youth." In
opposition to the quite apocryphal statement contained in
the " Squire Papers," the occasion and whereabouts of
his death is authoritatively established by a passage in
the Parliament Scout, March 15 to 22, 1644 : " Colonel
Cromwell is gone with his forces from Burlingham to
Stony Stratford and Brickhill, and begins to increase in
power. He hath lost his eldest son, who is dead of the
small-pox at Newport [Newport Pagnell], a civil young
gentleman, and the joy of his father."
CHAPTER V.
RICHARD, THIRD SON OF THE PROTECTOR.
LIKE his two elder brothers, Richard was sent to
Felsted School ; after which he resided in the
^j Temple in London during the war, and at the
age of twenty was admitted to the Society of
Lincoln's Inn. The Protectorate of Great Britain and
Ireland, into which he was installed on the death of his
father, was a troublous reign of eight months, the story
of which would be unsuitable in this place. At the
Restoration he fled the kingdom, more out of fear of his
creditors than of the King, leaving his wife and children
behind him at Hursley Lodge, near Romsey, in Hants.
After twenty years' residence abroad in Paris and else-
where, he returned to England in 1680 — a period when the
increasing unpopularity of Charles II. divested such a step
of any great danger — and, under the assumed name of
Clarke, either occupied a small estate which he owned at
Cheshunt, or shared the roof of his friend, Serjeant Sir
Thomas Pengelly (afterwards Chief Baron of the Ex-
chequer), whose house was that standing near Cheshunt
Church, and subsequently known as the Rectory.* His
* Pengelly House in modern times became the property of a gentleman
named Atwood, who bequeathed it for charitable purposes. It was subse-
quently used as a school. In l88oit was destroyed by fire ; estimated damage,
;£io,ooo.
Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 29
wife had been dead five years ; his only surviving son
was in possession of large property derived from her ; and
of his daughters, one was already married to Dr. Gibson
(of whom hereafter) ; another was perhaps still living at
Hursley; and a third, Dorothy, just then nineteen years
of age, was on the point of becoming the wife of John
Mortimer, a Somersetshire squire. Richard's return to
England at this juncture favours the suggestion that one
of the objects he had in view was to be present at the
ceremony. The young lady died the following year in
childbed. There were now only two daughters and one
son, Oliver, remaining out of a family of nine. This son
died unmarried in 1705, when the question arose whether
the Hursley estate which he inherited from his mother
passed directly to his sisters as co-heirs, or to Richard
their father for his life. The sisters proposed to compro-
mise the affair by paying him an annuity ; but Richard,
preferring that the matter should be decided in Chancery,
obtained a decree in his own favour.
This affair being settled, Richard appears to have spent
a considerable portion of the remaining seven years of
his life at Hursley, where in company with his daughters
he attended the parish church on Sunday mornings, and
in the afternoon rode alone in his coach to a Baptist
meeting-house in Romsey. He died at Cheshunt July 12,
1712, and lies buried in the chancel of Hursley Church.
His death is said to have taken place in the house of
his Cheshunt friend, Pengelly, above mentioned, the
counsel who had successfully conducted his cause in
1705, and to whom he was strongly attached. In his
will he bequeaths a personal souvenir to his good friend
Mrs. Rachel Pengelly. Some other names, too, are
mentioned, but his daughters are not referred to. He
knew that they would take the Hursley estate after him,
and of personal property he probably had but little. He
enjoyed, we are told, a good state of health to the last,
3<D The House of Cromwell.
and at fourscore would gallop his horse for several miles
together. In person he is described as tall, fair-haired,
and " the lively image of his father." A letter of T.
Whiston, quoted by Mark Noble, asserts that the Crom-
wells as a family possessed great bodily strength, and
were of robust constitutions, many of them attaining
considerable longevity. On the other hand, it is observable
how many of them died in infancy, but this may have
been owing to the ignorant medical treatment of those
days.
As to his character, Richard has shared in the defa-
mation which, more or less, overtook all the members of
his family. He is now known to have been an upright,
generous, and sagacious man — fully aware that the turbu-
lent crew around him when he became Protector had
made peace impossible, but resolving at the same time not
to shed a drop of blood in defence of a false position. A
humane temper is not necessarily a weakness; and cer-
tainly John Howe, who knew him well, did not deem
him a weak man. On one occasion in after-years, when
some person in Mr. Howe's presence charged the ex-
Protector with weakness, the venerable divine exclaimed :
" How could that man be termed weak who, when the
army remonstrance was brought to him by Fleetwood,
stood it out all night against the whole Council, and
continued the debate till four o'clock in the morning,
maintaining that to dissolve that Parliament would be
his and their ruin — with none but Thurloe to abet him ?"
Dr. Isaac Watts, who in his youthful days was privileged
to hold many conversations with Richard Cromwell,
testifies that his abilities were by no means contemptible.
He further remarks that in all these interviews, the ex-
Protector never but on one occasion referred to his former
elevation, and then only in a very cursory manner.
Another favourable witness was William Tonge, of
Denmark Street, Soho, who described to Dr. Thomas
Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 3 1
Gibbons Richard's occasional visits to some friends there,
his appearance in a place of worship, his unblemished
character, and the pleasantry which characterized his talk.
He corroborates Watts's remark about his unwillingness
to refer to former times.
John Howe, the divine above mentioned, who had
been chaplain in succession to both the Protectors, died
in London in 1702. He was visited in his last sickness
by Richard Cromwell, then seventy-six years of age, who,
hearing that his old friend was near his end, had come
up from the country to make him a respectful visit and
to take a final farewell. Much serious discourse, we are
told, passed between the two patriarchal men, and their
parting was solemn and affectionate. When Richard's
own end was approaching, some few years later, he said
to his two attendant daughters, " Live in love ; I am
going to the God of love." His affectionate disposition
is revealed in the following letter, written to one of these
daughters from the house of his friend, Sir Thomas
Pengelly, at Cheshunt, ten years after his return to
England.
Richard Cromwell to Mrs. Anne Gibson.
"18 December, 1690.
"Dear,
"Think not that I forget you, though I confess
that I have been silent too long in returning and owning
that of yours to me. That which was one bar, I knew
not, upon Mrs. Abbott's removing, how to send so as my
letter might come safe to you. For though we write
nothing of State affairs, they being above our providential
sphere, yet I am not willing to be exposed ; nor can there
be that freedom when we are thoughtful of such restraint
as a peeping eye. The hand by which this comes [to
you] gave me a hint as if there were some foul play to
32 The House of Cromwell.
letters directed to him [to Pengelly ?] . Dear heart, I
thank thee for thy kind and tender expressions to me,
and I assure thee (if there had been cause) they would
have melted me. There is a great deal of pity, piety, and
love. What I had before, was so full that I had not the
least room to turn a thought or surmise. But what shall
I say ? My heart was full, but now it overflows. You
have put joy and gladness into it. How unworthy am I
to have such a child ! And I know I may venture to say
that the like parallel is not to be found. What I said was
experienced matter for information. What you replied
was in behalf of those who professed themselves to be the
Lord's people ; and they that are truly such are as tender
as the apple of His eye. I rejoice in that we both of us
love them ; yet we are not to deny our reasons as to the
mischiefs some of them have been instrumental [in caus-
ing] not only in particular to a family, but in general to
the Church of Christ. Besides, what woes are hanging
over these nations ! May we not go farther, and bring in
all Christendom ? I have been alone thirty years banished
and under silence ; and my strength and safety is to be
retired, quiet and silent. We are foolish in taking our
cause out of the hand of God. Our Saviour will plead,
and God will do right [as] He hath promised. Let us
join our prayers for faith and patience. If we have
heaven, let whoso will, get the world. My hearty, hearty,
hearty affection and love to your sister and self. Salute
all friends. I rest, commending you to the blessing of the
Almighty. Again farewell.
" Your truly loving father,
"R. C.
" Present me to all friends. Landlord and Landlady
[the Pengellys] present respects and service."
Note. — In his extant letters he avoids names and places as much as possible,
his object being to keep out of harm's way.
Richard, Third Son of the Protector. $3
The few incoherences visible in the above would pro-
bably adjust themselves fairly enough, did we know the
substance of the letter which brought them forth ; though
it is not unlikely that an obscure and involved style would
become habitual to one writing under the constant fear of
having his letters opened ; to say nothing of his having
spoken French for twenty years.
The story of Richard's twenty years' exile is involved in
much obscurity. The following document, preserved in
the Record Office, may help in some small measure to
remove it. It is numbered CLI. 17, State Papers,
Domestic, Charles II., and was first brought before the
public notice in the AthencBum, April 12, 1862, by Mrs.
Everett Green, who opened the subject by stating that
during the war with Holland the Government of
Charles II., fancying that the English " fanatics " resident
abroad were in league with the Provinces against their
own country, came to the resolution of fetching them
home by a threat of high treason. An Act was thereupon
passed, beginning with the direct attainder of three, to
wit, Thomas Dolman, James Bampfield, and Thomas
Scott ; and further enacting that any others who should
refuse to come when summoned would incur the like
penalty. This was in 1665, and the next year it became
known that a list of fugitives had been nominated,
including Richard Cromwell. Mrs. Cromwell, his wife,
becoming justly alarmed, sent her agent, William Mum-
ford, twice up to London to procure, if possible, the
withdrawal of her husband's name from the proclamation.
As the opportunity seemed a favourable one for getting at
the personal history of the ex-Protector, the agent himself
was put under examination, and deposed as follows :
"The examination of William Mumford of Hursley
near Winchester Co. Hants, yeoman ; taken this 15 March,
1666, before me Edmund Warcupp Esq. one of his
3
34 The House of Cromwell.
Majesty's Justices of the peace for the said county and
liberties. This examinant saith that he is menial servant
to Mrs. Dorothy Cromwell, wife to Richard Cromwell,
living at Hursley ; and hath belonged to him and to her
these eleven years last past, and now manageth Mrs.
Cromwell's business in the country or London as her
occasions require. He saith that he came to London
about five weeks since to apply to Dr. Wilkins to move
my Lord Chancellor [Hyde] that Richard Cromwell's
name might be omitted in his Majesty's Proclamation to
call his English subjects out of France, for that his debts
would ruin him in case he should be necessitated to
return into England ; and Dr. Wilkins informed this
examinant that his lordship the Lord Chancellor told him
he knew not of Richard Cromwell's name being at all
put into the proclamation, whereupon this examinant
immediately returned into the country. But the rumour
continuing that Richard Cromwell's name would be in,
he returned again to London by his mistress's order yes-
terday was three weeks, and then lodged at one William
Taste's a baker in Air Street, Piccadilly, and his horse
stands at the Bear there ; — that at the first time of this
examinant's being in town he received a letter from
Richard Cromwell directed to himself but was for Mrs.
Cromwell, the contents whereof was complaints for money
and condoling for his mother's death ; and saith he
knoweth not of any other person, that Richard Cromwell
correspondeth with, but this examinant. He further saith,
that this examinant's wife's sister Elizabeth Blackstone
having by distraction murdered her neighbour's child and
been committed to Newgate for the offence, this exam-
inant repaired to Newgate to assist her in her distracted
condition, and this was all the reason why he went to
Newgate. He further saith, that as far as he knows or
believes, the said Richard Cromwell doth not hold any
intelligence with any Fanatics nor with the King of France
Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 35
or States of Holland ; and that to avoid any jealousy of
it, the said Richard Cromwell is by Dr. Wilkins' advice
gone or going into Italy or Spain, and that the last letter
this examinant sent to him five weeks since was directed
to John Clarke at Monsieur Bauvais' in Paris, by which
name the said Richard Cromwell now passeth, and doth
usually change his name with his dwelling, that he may
keep himself unknown beyond the seas, so as to avoid
all correspondency or intelligence, which this examinant
knows he industriously avoideth ; for during last winter
twelve month he lived with the said Richard Cromwell in
Paris, and the whole diversion of him there was drawing
of landscapes and reading of books ; And he saw no
Englishman, Scotch, or Irishman in his company during
that whole time, nor any Frenchmen but such as in-
structed him in the sciences. This examinant further
saith that he hath not any intelligence with any person
whatsoever to his knowledge, that doth intend or act
anything whatsoever against his Majesty ; and that he
conceives himself bound in duty and conscience to dis-
cover all traitors or traitorous conspiracies against his
Majesty or his Government ; and that the estate of
Richard Cromwell in right of his wife is but £600 per
annum, and that he knoweth Richard Cromwell is not
sixpence the better or richer for being the son of his
father, or [for being] the pretended Protector of England ;
and that the estate of old Mrs. Cromwell lately deceased
was in the hands and management of Jeremy White,
chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, and now at Sir John
Russell's at Chippenham, who will not come to any
account for the same, and who hath not yet conformed.
This examinant further saith, that he knoweth not of any
person who writes to the said Richard besides this exam-
inant and Mrs. Cromwell his wife ; and that he knoweth
not nor ever heard, that the Scotch regiment is coming
out of France ; and he is certain that the said Richard
11G279S
2,6 The House of Cromwell.
never intended to come over with it, but is gone or going
into Spain or Italy as advised. He further saith, that he
hath often heard Richard Cromwell pray in his private
prayers for his Majesty, praying God to make his Majesty
a nursing father to his people, speaking often with great
reverence of his Majesty's grace and favour to himself and
family in suffering them to enjoy their lives and the little
fortunes they have ; And this examinant further saith that
he will not meddle any further in the said Richard Crom-
well's affairs, if it be any way prejudicial to his Majesty's
service ; and that he hath not, nor the said Richard
Cromwell, to this examinant's knowledge, acted directly
or indirectly anything against his Majesty's Government
since his Majesty's happy restoration, and that himself
hath taken the Oaths of allegiance and supremacy. And
further sayeth not.
" William Mumford.
" (Signed) Edmund Warcupp."
The falsity of Hyde's statement that Richard Crom-
well's name was not in the list is proved by another
paper endorsed " 26 March, 1666, Names of the fourteen
persons to be warned home by a proclamation in pursu-
ance of the Act." They were as follows : William Scott,
Sir Robert Honeywood, jun., Colonel John Disbrowe,
Colonel Kilpatrick, John Grove, Algernon Sydney, Oliver
St. John, Richard Steele, Newcomen and Hickman, two
ministers, Richard Cromwell, John Phelps, Colonel
Cobbett, Richard Deane. On maturer consideration, all
these names were withdrawn except five, Richard Crom-
well's being one of those withdrawn.
Richard, Third Son of the Protector.
THE PROTECTRESS DOROTHY.
Richard's wife, whom he married in 1649, shortly after
the death of Charles I., was Dorothy, eldest daughter and
co-heir of Richard Major, a wealthy landowner of Hursley
aforesaid, and of Merdon, in Surrey. This was a marriage
in which the elder Protector testified unqualified satisfac-
tion, on account of the personal piety, not only of the
father, but also of " Dear Doll " herself; and the allusions
which he makes in his letters to her on-coming family
look as though he cherished the hope that his grand-
children would sustain his own greatness. The few sur-
viving memorials of the lady herself represent her as a
prudent, godly, and practical Christian, much devoted to
acts of personal charity. For a while she was terribly
cast down by the reverse of fortune which drove her hus-
band and herself from the palace of Whitehall to the
obscurity of the Hursley retreat, an event aggravated
simultaneously by the decease of her father, Mr. Major,
and the flight of her husband into prolonged exile. It is
true, she had her infant family to rear, the birth of her
youngest child, Dorothy, occurring just as her husband
left the English shore ; but her bright hopes in respect of
their future fortunes were utterly dashed, and the chagrin
which darkened her own reflections seems traceable in
their education. One result of affliction was the strengthen-
ing of her Nonconformist principles, and her active bene-
volence thenceforward found expression in endeavours to
solace and protect divers ministers ejected by the Uni-
formity Act of 1662. She died on January 5, 1676, in the
forty-ninth year of her age, and lies buried in the chancel
of Hursley Church. Her children, nine in number, were
as follow-; :
I. Elizabeth, born in 1650. This is "the little brat"
38 The House of Cromwell.
after whose welfare the elder Protector makes inquiry in
a letter to Mr. Major on July 17, wherein also he chides
the young parents for neglecting to write to him, and says
of dear Doll, "I doubt not her husband hath spoiled her.
... I hope you give my son good counsel : I believe he
needs it ; he is in the dangerous time of his age, and it's
a very vain world." Touching the baby, Mr. Carlyle
thinks " the poor little thing must have died soon," and
he adds that " in Noble's inexact lists there is no trace of
its ever having lived." But Mark Noble is strictly exact
in this matter, and gives us all the information we need.
Oliver's good wishes, too, were amply fulfilled, for the
little Elizabeth outlived all her brothers and sisters, and
reached the age of eighty-one. She appointed as executors
Richard and Thomas Cromwell, grandsons of Henry,
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, desiring them to erect in
Hursley Church a monument setting forth all the par-
ticulars of the Cromwell and Major alliances, a task which
they duteously fulfilled. And as she was the last surviving
representative of her father's house, a vast collection of
portraits, letters, and other family relics, descended from
her to her executors. She will again come under our
notice.
II. Anne, born in 1651 ; died in infancy, and was
buried at Hursley.
III. A son, baptized at Hursley November 3, 1652 ;
buried there in the following month.
IV. Mary, born in 1654, died in infancy ; buried at
Hursley.
V. A fourth daughter, born in 1655, lived only twelve
days.
VI. Oliver, son and heir, of whom hereafter (p. 41).
VII. Dorothy, born in 1657; died next year during
the Protectorate of her father, who prudently refrained
from opening the Westminster Abbey vault, and caused
the body to be quietly buried at Hursley.
Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 39
VIII. Anna, born in 1659 during her father's Pro-
tectorate. She became the wife of Dr. Thomas Gibson,
Physician-General of the Army, whom she survived many
years. Her own death occurred in 1727, in the sixty-
ninth year of her age, and a marble monument in St.
George's Chapel in the Foundling Hospital commemo-
rates husband and wife. Dr. Gibson by will appointed
that after his wife's decease the whole of his property
should pass to his nephew, Dr. Edmund Gibson, Bishop
of London. The prelate maintained a respectful and
intimate correspondence with his widowed aunt so long
as she lived, and it is conjectured that the terse and com-
prehensive Life of Oliver, which about that period went
through so many editions, was the result of his honourable
and appreciative attachment to the family. The two
surviving sisters — that is to say, Mrs. Gibson and her
elder sister, Miss Elizabeth Cromwell — lived together in
Bedford Row, and after the death of their only brother,
Oliver, must have been very wealthy. We catch an inter-
esting glimpse of them in 1719 from the journal of
Thomas Hearne, the antiquary, who long resided in St.
Edmund Hall, Oxford : " On Saturday, 5 September,
came to Oxford two daughters of Richard Cromwell, son
of Oliver Cromwell, Protector, one of whom is married to
Dr. Gibson, the physician, who wrote 'The Anatomy';
the other is unmarried. They are both Presbyterians, as
is also Dr. Gibson, who was with them. They were at
the Presbyterian Meeting-house in Oxford on Sunday
morning and evening ; and yesterday they and all the
gang with them dined at Dr. Gibson's, the Provost of
Queen's, who is related to them, and made a great enter-
tainment for them, expecting something from them, the
physician being said to be worth £30,000. They went
from Oxford after dinner." — (" Reliquiae Hearneanae,"
vol. ii.)
Mr. Hewling Luson (related to Henry's line), of whom
40 The House of Cromwell.
more hereafter, says : "I have been several times in com-
pany with these ladies. They were well-bred, well-
dressed, stately women, exactly punctilious ; but they
seemed, especially Mistress Cromwell, to carry about
them a consciousness of high rank, accompanied with a
secret dread that those with whom they conversed should
not observe and acknowledge it. They had neither the
good sense nor the great enthusiasm of Mrs. Bendysh.
But as the daughter of Ireton had dignity without pride,
the daughters of Richard Cromwell had pride without
much dignity."
Mr. Luson might have added that they habitually
assisted other branches of the family who were in less
prosperous circumstances than themselves. When the
death of their father had left these two ladies at liberty to
dispose of the family estate at Hursley, they sold it to Sir
William Heathcote for £34,000 or £35,000, who at once
proceeded to pull down the old mansion, and to rebuild it
from the very foundations. In 1894 the Hursley estate
passed from the Heathcote family into the possession of
Mr. Baxendale.
IX. Dorothy, born at Hursley, August 1, 1660. The
date of her father's flight from England has been approxi-
mately determined by Mark Noble as in July or August —
that is to say, some few weeks after King Charles II. 's
return, and it seems reasonable to suppose that his object
in lingering here so long was to await the issue of this the
last birth in the family, and, as it proved to be a girl, to
give for the second time the beloved name of Dorothy,
which conjecture may be coupled with the other already
made, that his return to England in 1680 was in part
prompted by the resolution to occupy his paternal place
at her wedding. The young lady married John Mor-
timer, Esq., of Somersetshire, F.R.S., author of " The
Whole Art of Husbandry," published in 1708. He is said
to have half ruined himself by experiments in agricultural
Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 4 1
science ; but before this happened his wife had died in
child-bed within a year after her marriage. This was on
May 14, 16S1. Dorothy therefore is not to be credited
with any share in that transaction of her sisters when
they disputed their father's rights in 1705.
Oliver Cromwell, only surviving son of the Protector
Richard, was born at Hursley in 1656. It was very
natural that the elder Protector, after hearing of so
many deaths among his grandchildren at Hursley, should
express a partiality for one who at last gave fair promise
of healthy existence. Little Oliver accordingly was
brought up from Hampshire, probably to Hampton Court,
and remained there till the deposition of his father, when,
together with his sisters, he was sent down to Hursley.
Of his early manhood little is known ; but at the period
of the Revolution in 1688, being then in possession of the
estate, which he inherited from his mother, he came
forward with a patriotic proposal to raise a regiment of
horse for service in Ireland, if he might be permitted to
name his own officers. The politic William may have
had no desire at that juncture of affairs to see a rival for
popularity in the person of a second Oliver Cromwell,
and the offer was declined. It was a like cautious feeling,
perhaps, which gave bias to the Election Committee, who
in the second year of William and Mary rejected the petition
of Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Jervoise, Esquires, when
they claimed to have been legally returned for the borough
of Lymington. It is well known that the contested elec-
tions, whose details crowd the Commons' Journals of that
and the succeeding age, were often made to turn on
arbitrary, diverse, and obsolete customs prevailing in this
or that borough ; so that, as the law of one borough was
no law for its neighbour, the returns could be adjusted
pretty much as the Government desired.
Mr. Say, the Dissenting minister, to whom we are
indebted for so many reminiscences of the family, says
42
The House of Cromwell.
he had seen this Mr. Cromwell, and could testify that he
had something of the spirit of his grandfather ; while
another contemporary writer adds that "he had his look
and genius." But notwithstanding that, like his own
father, he presented the marks of robust manhood, he
passed away prematurely in 1705 in the fiftieth year of
his age, and was buried in the family vault at Hursley.
His will, written in 1686, when thirty years old, makes
mention of his " honoured father," but the principal
money bequests are to his sisters, giving £2,000 to each,
if they married in their father's lifetime. Legacies are
also left to Benjamin Disbrowe of London, merchant, to
Paris Slater and William Wightman of London, William
Rudyard of Hackney, Edward Rayner and Mary his
wife, John Leigh, Thomas Wade, his cousin Elizabeth
Barton, his loving friend Samuel Tomlins, B.D., and
Mrs. Anne Thomas.
CHAPTER VI.
HENRY, FOURTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR.
HENRY, like his brothers, received such brief
education as the stormy times would permit,
at Felsted. He joined his father in arms
about the time of the remodelling of the army,
being then only sixteen years of age ; and three years
afterwards he held either a captaincy in Harrison's
regiment or in Sir Thomas Fairfax's Life-Guards. In
the summer of 1648 he served under his father in the
North of England. Advanced to a colonelcy in February,
1650, he accompanied his father in the short but decisive
Irish campaign, being present at the death-bed of his
brother-in-law, Henry Ireton, who died at Limerick in
1651. At the age of twenty-five Henry sat in the Bare-
bones Parliament in 1653 as a representative of Ireland.
On May 10, 1653, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
Francis Russell of Chippenham, Bart., and on Feb-
ruary 22 in the year following entered at Gray's Inn. His
subsequent career as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland brought
to light all those faculties which proved him the worthy
son of such a father. He remained at his post during the
two Protectorates, having throughout a sore fight to
maintain with fanatics of every class, but harassed prin-
44 The House of Cromwell.
cipally by the difficulty of getting the soldiers' pay from
England. Rapin's observation, made after the event,
has been accepted by most subsequent historians, namely,
that if Henry had succeeded to the Protectorate instead
of Richard, the Republican officers would have met their
match.
A strong attachment had sprung up between Henry
Cromwell and his brother-in-law, Lord Fauconberg, even
before they met. Henry and his wife were in Ireland at
the time of Fauconberg's marriage with Mary Cromwell ;
but from and after that event the letters passing between
them were increasingly cordial and confidential. While
their brother Fleetwood, in conjunction with Disbrowe,
Lambert, Berry, and the rest, were plotting the fall of
the Protector Richard, Fauconberg supplied Henry with
constant information, and both united in scorn for the
fanaticism which in Fleetwood they felt to be but the
feeble resurrection of an obsolete creed — the theory, as
Henry formulated it, of " Dominion founded in Grace."
At the Restoration, Henry retired to the home of his
father-in-law, Sir Francis Russell, at Chippenham, in
Cambridgeshire, there to await the outcome of the
political chaos. After a residence of five or six years at
Chippenham, he removed to his own estate at Spinney
Abbey near Soham, worth about £500 or £600 a year,
which he purchased in 1661, where in rural occupations he
passed the remaining nine years of his life. He died on
March 23, 1674, of that painful disorder, the stone, in the
forty-seventh year of his age, and was buried at Wicken
Church, in Cambridge. Though he is styled plain " Henry
Cromwell " on his tomb, yet in his will he writes himself
" Sir Henry Cromwell of Spinney in Cambridgeshire,
Knight," being not unwilling, suggests Noble, to let the
world know, when he could not be called to account for
it, that he thought it an honour to have received knight-
hood from his father. He had also been made one of the
Henry, FourtJi Son of the Protector. 45
Lords of the Upper House in 1657, but his work in
Ireland prevented his sitting. In his will he mentions
only two names, those of his wife and his eldest son
Oliver, to the former of whom he devises all his estates in
England and Ireland with absolute power of disposal.
The lands of Cromwell in Mcath and Connaught were
confirmed to his trustees by special proviso of the Act of
Settlement, but his family seems to have lost them in the
next generation.
It may not be left untold that after his retirement into
private life he conformed to the Established Church, and
that, too, at a period when imprisonment and confiscation
were the weapons of the Church's warfare against many
of his personal relations and political friends. He had
learnt, it is true, during his dictatorship in Ireland the
necessity of holding the scales of justice uninfluenced by
polemical distinctions ; and it is evident that he acquired
during the process much stronger prejudices than his
father ever entertained against religious enthusiasts.
While this may partly account for his subsequent choice,
it is more than probable that his wife's preferences in the
same direction operated as a concurrent influence. We
are told that an Anglican chaplain was maintained at
Spinney Abbey during her widowhood, till the Noncon-
formity of the next generation displaced him. On the
other hand, Henry had given asylum to Richard Parr,
the Vicar of his own parish of Chippenham, when ejected
for Nonconformity.
Henry Cromwell's Petition to King Charles II,
" Sheweth,
" That your petitioner doth heartily acquiesce in
the providence of God for restoring your Majesty to the
government of these nations ; — That all his actions have
been without malice cither to the person or to the interest
46 The House of Cromwell.
of your Majesty, but only out of natural duty to his late
father ; — That your petitioner did, all the time of his power
in Ireland, study to preserve the peace, plenty and splendour
of that kingdom, did encourage a learned ministry, giving
not only protection but maintenance to several Bishops
there ; placed worthy persons in the seats of judicature
and magistracy, and to his own great prejudice upon all
occasions was favourable to your Majesty's professed
friends. He therefore humbly beseeches your Majesty
that the tender consideration of the premisses and of the
great temptations and necessities your petitioner was
under, may extenuate your Majesty's displeasure against
him; — and that your Majesty, as a great instance of your
clemency and an acknowledgement of the great mercy
which your royal self hath received from Almighty God,
would not suffer him, his wife and children to perish from
the face of the Earth, but rather to live and expiate what
hath been done amiss with their future prayers and services
for your Majesty. In order whereunto your said peti-
tioner humbly offers to your Majesty's most gracious con-
sideration, that since he is already outed of about £2,000
per annum which he held in England, and for which £4,000
portion was paid by your petitioner's wife's friends to his
late father, he may obtain your Majesty's grant for such
lands already in his possession upon a common account
with many others in Ireland, as shall by law be adjudged
forfeited and in your Majesty's dispose. And forasmuch
as your petitioner hath laid out near £6,000 upon the pre-
mises, that your Majesty would recommend him to the
next Parliament in Ireland to deal favourably with him
concerning the same, and according to your petitioner's
deportment for the common good of that place. And
lastly your petitioner most humbly beseeches your most
excellent Majesty, — that no distinction between himself
and other your Majesty's good subjects may be branded on
him to posterity ; — that so he may without fear, and as
Hewy, Fourth Son of the Protector. 47
well out of interest as duty, serve your Majesty all his
days ; who shall ever pray, &c.
" H. Cromwell."
Certificate annexed.
" Whereas we were desired to testify our knowledge
concerning the value of the lands to be confirmed to
Colonel Henry Cromwell, we do hereby certify as followeth,
viz. — That the lands in Ireland possessed by the said
Colonel Cromwell on 7 May 1659 were in satisfaction of
£12,000 in debentures or near thereabouts ; — That deben-
tures were commonly bought and sold for four, five, and
six shillings in the pound, few yielding more even in the
dearest times. According to which rates the said lands
might have been had for between three and four thousand
pounds. Which said sum with the improvements by him
made thereupon, is as much as the same is now worth to
be sold ; and is all we know he hath to subsist upon for
himself and family. Given under our hands this 23 Feb-
ruary 1661.
" Massereene.
" audley mervyn."
Henry's wife Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Francis
Russell aforesaid, survived her husband thirteen years.
Elegant in manners and exemplary in conduct, she was
long remembered in the neighbourhood as " the good
Lady Cromwell." Her grandson, William Cromwell, of
Kirby Street, informed Dr. Gibbons that though, like
many others, she had at first entertained a hostile feeling
towards the Protector Oliver, yet on becoming his
daughter-in-law, closer observation changed her antipathies
into affectionate esteem, and led her to regard him as the
most amiable of parents. Her death occurred on April 7,
1687, in the fifty-second year of her age ; and her monu-
ment, with those of others of the family, is preserved in
Wicken Church, Cambridgeshire.
48 The House of Cromwell.
Issue of Henry Cromwell, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and
the Lady Elizabeth Russell.
I. Oliver, born in Dublin, 1656 ; died at Spinney
Abbey, 1685, in the twenty-ninth year of his age, and, as
is supposed, unmarried. The story of the infant's birth is
thus recorded in a news-letter of the day : " From Dublin.
On the 19th of April my lord Henry Cromwell became the
joyful father of a son ; which, as it hath been matter of
great joy to us, so I presume it will be welcome news to
you. The earnest prayers of good people gave his lord-
ship's lady so easy a deliverance that the most part of her
ladyship's travail was spent in dispatching letters for
England. The joy thereof confined not itself long within
the walls of their private family, but was straight blazed
by several bonfires throughout the city ; the honest towns-
men seeming emulous who should contribute the greatest
solemnity for so great a mercy. On the 24th following,
the joys were more perfect, there being more congratula-
tions for the infant's admission into the Church by baptism
than for its entrance into the world by birth ; his lordship
having openly in Christ-church offered up his child that
day to the Lord in that ordinance, and given it His High-
ness's name. Which so heightened the joy of the con-
gregation, that I never saw in one meeting more eyes and
I believe hearts more intently lifted up in prayer, never
heard more passionate praises for a blessing, than on that
day ; which gives no small support to my faith that a
child of such prayers and praises shall not miscarry."
II. Henry, born in Dublin in 1658 ; of whom hereafter.
III. Francis, born at Chippenham in 1663 ; died un-
married in 1719.
IV. Richard, born at Spinney Abbey in 1665 ; died
unmarried in London in 1687.
V. William, born at Spinney Abbey in 1667 ; died un-
married in the East Indies in 1692.
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 49
VI. Elizabeth, born at Whitehall in 1654 ; died at
Chippenham, 1659, in the house of her maternal grand-
father, Sir Francis Russell. This is the " Sweet Betty "
referred to in Fleetwood's letter to Henry in 1656.
VII. Elizabeth, born just after the decease of the pre-
ceding, therefore taking her name. On August 30, 1681,
she was married at Dover to William Russell, of Ford-
ham, son of Gerard Russell and grandson of Sir William
Russell, the first Baronet, consequently first cousin to her
mother, the Lady Elizabeth. Of this marriage the issue
was fourteen children, but the habits of the parents appear
to have been unthrifty. Moving for awhile among the
county gentry, and maintaining with that object a style of
living far beyond their means, Mr. Russell escaped his
creditors only in the grave, and the widow fled with the
surviving children to London, where she died in 171 1.
Her family was as follows :
I. O' Brian William, born 1684, fate unknown.
II., III., IV., V., VI. Henry, John, William,
Edward, Thomas, died young or unmarried, two of
them at sea.
VII. Francis, born 1692; became a hosier in
London. His son Thomas, born 1724, had issue.
William died abroad unmarried, and Rebecca, who
died in 1832, by her second husband, William Dyer,
of Ilford, Esq., a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Essex, left five children, viz. : (1) William Andrew,
sometime of 34, Guildford Street, W.C. ; (2) Charles
Adams, formerly of Canewdon Hall, Rochford, Essex;
(3) Thomas John, in the East India Company's
service ; (4) Mary Eliza ; (5) Louisa.
VIII. Mar}-, of whom presently.
IX. Sarah became the wife of Martin Wilkins, a
substantial landowner of Soham, whose two children
died in infancy.
4
50 The House of Cromwell.
X. Name unknown ; became Mrs. Nelson of Mil-
denhall, and had a daughter, the wife of Mr.
Redderock, a solicitor of that place, and the mother
of several children.
XI. Margaret, of whom presently (p. 52).
Issue of Mary, eldest married daughter of William and
Elizabeth Russell of Fordham.
This lady married Mr. Robert D'Aye, of Soham, and
long outlived him, her protracted widowhood being passed
at Soham, where her poverty was in some measure
relieved by an annual grant from the daughters of the
ex -Protector, Richard Cromwell, both of whom also
bequeathed her a legacy ; but as her own death did not
occur till 1765, she must have long survived her bene-
factors. Her family consisted of : (1) A son named
Russell, who died at sea unmarried ; (2) a daughter
married to Mr. Saunders, from whom she separated ;
(3) Elizabeth, who introduces us to the
Family of Addison.
Elizabeth D'Aye, by her marriage, in 1762, with Mr.
Thomas Addison, of Soham, became the mother of
I. Mary, died in childhood.
II. Elizabeth, the wife of John Hill ; left three sons
— John, William, and Eden.
III. Mary Russell, born 1764; became the wife of
Mr. Robert Sunman, and died at Lambeth in 1800,
having had Mary Addison, who died in youth, and
Robert, born in 1786.
IV. and V. Russell and Thomas, twins, born 1767.
Thomas died in infancy.
VI. and VII. Frances and William; both died in
infancy.
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 5 1
Russell, the only surviving son of this family, died at
the age of twenty-five in 1792. His wife Anne outlived
him fifty-four years, dying in 1846, at the age of eighty-
five. By her he left one son,
William, a surgeon of Soham, where he practised
laboriously for more than half a century, being held in
great esteem by rich and poor. Beyond this, his life may
be described as uneventful, though it is due to him to
state that the Cromwell monument, forming so striking
an object in Soham Churchyard, and displaying the
descent of the Addisons from Henry, the Lord-Lieutenant
of Ireland, downwards, is the expression of his hereditary
homage. It has been said that the career of his great
progenitor was not often made by Mr. Addison the promi-
nent subject of remark, yet the writer of this book well
remembers the flashing up of the old fire at an interview
held with him many years back, when the old gentleman
modestly hinted that the Protector's facial lineaments
were not yet obliterated in his descendants. Many will
say that his son Thomas, the Ely solicitor, illustrates the
fond belief even more than the father did. Mr. Addison
died in 1868, having married Anne, daughter of Thomas
Fox, of the Newlands, in Curdworth, co. Warwick,
farmer, by whom he had three children.
I. Thomas Russell, born 1828, a solicitor practising
in Ely.
II. William Oliver Cromwell, born 1832, a solicitor
practising at Brierley Hill, co. Stafford, married
Charlotte, daughter of Charles Woolverton, of Great
Yarmouth, Esq., and has issue : (1) Charles William,
1866; (2) Charlotte Barnby, 1869 ; (3) Frank, 1870;
(4) Edith Maud, 1871.
III. Henrietta Fox, married, 1859, to George H.
Rust, son of the late Rev. E. Rust D'Eye, of Abbott's
Hall, Stowmarket. His children are eleven in
number, viz. : (1) Henrietta Fanny, 1862 ; (2) George
52 The House of Cromwell.
Edgar, 1863 ; (3) Agnes Elizabeth, 1864 ; (4) Isabel,
1866 ; (5) Jane Louisa, 1868 ; (6) Henry, 1869 ;
(7) Katharine Alice, 1870 ; (8) Evelyn, 1872 ; (9)
Anne Georgina, 1874; (10) Mabel, 1875; (11) Emily,
1877.
Issue of Margaret, sixth daughter of William and Elizabeth
Russell of Fordham.
She became the wife of Mr. Edward Peachey, and had
an only daughter, Elizabeth, whose husband bore the
name of Richard Peachey, but was not related to her
father's family. By the will of her uncle, Martin
Wilkins, who left his real estate to his wife Sarah, some
of the lands in Horsecroft and the Great Fen were to
descend in reversion to Elizabeth, daughter of Edward
and Margaret Peachey, besides a bequest of £"500 and an
annuity of £15 till she attained the age of twenty-one.
By a codicil to his will, in 1749, the £500 is revoked, she
being then the wife of Richard Peachey. This marriage
produced three children, viz. :
I. Richard, who died unmarried at the age of
twenty.
II. William, who in 1780 was of Cambridge
University.
III. Elizabeth, wife of Rev. Mr. Ellis, of Mil-
borne, Cambs., and the mother of: (1) Thomas, a
solicitor ; (2) William, a surgeon ; (3) Elizabeth, died
unmarried ; (4) a daughter married to Mr. Burbage,
practising in Leicestershire.
MAJOR HENRY CROiMWELL.
Dismissing the families descended from the daughters
of Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, we now revert to
his son, Major Henry Cromwell, the only one who carried
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 53
on the name. The politics and religious faith of this
gentleman may be gathered from the fact of his marrying
a young lady who only the year before had played a more
conspicuous part than any other of her sex as intercessor
for the victims of Jeffreys' " Bloody Assizes." This was
Hannah, the daughter of Benjamin Hewling and grand-
daughter of William Kyffin, two names conspicuous
among the Nonconformists of that period, and among
the adherents of the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth.
Her interviews with Churchill and with King James II.
in behalf of her brothers, Benjamin and William Hewling,
are matters of general history.
She was beyond all doubt a courageous and energetic
woman. Nothing short of this conviction would have
secured the notice and regard of her Tory aunt, Lady
Fauconberg, who was greatly disconcerted at the depressed
condition of so many of her relatives. After considerable
solicitation, Lady Fauconberg was induced to push her
nephew's fortunes in the army, and here we may suitably
quote one of her letters as a sample of her style of mind
and of her bearing towards her niece Hannah.
"Lady Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell, of Spinney Abbey.
To be left with the postmaster of Newmarket, Cambridge-
shire.
29 January [1693?].
" Dear Nephew,
" This comes to congratulate with you after your
great fright for your excellent wife, for her safe recovery.
And I hope, although she has lost her little one, God will
bless you both with more. I am very glad to find by my
cousin Hewling you design shortly for London, where I
hope to see you both, and give thanks for your kind
present, which came very safe to my hands. And pray
tell my good niece that her good housewifery is both seen
and tasted in it, and that it was as good as ever was
54 The House of Cromwell.
eaten. And I must not omit telling you that my lord as
well as self returns thanks, and charges me to assure you
both of his humble service. All friends here are, I bless
God, very well, and present you both with their service.
And I am, to my dear niece and yourself, a most affec-
tionate aunt and servant.
" M. Fauconberg."
Another fragment of hers, dated 1689, thus refers to
her efforts in Major Henry's behalf:
" Dear Nephew,
" I received yours, which this comes in answer to.
My lord was on Thursday at Hampton Court, where he
spake to the King [William III.] again as for your concerns,
and your cousin's [Oliver, son of Richard]. But all the
answer he could get was that he wanted money, and at
present did not think of raising any more men, — which
for your sakes I am concerned for. . . ."
He parted with Spinney Abbey under stress of pecuniary
difficulties, and probably lived thereafter an unsettled life
in the neighbourhood of London.
It was principally by the influence of the Duke of
Ormond that Mr. Cromwell's promotion in the army was
at last brought about, " in acknowledgment," as his Grace
always declared, " of the great service and benefit which
his family had received from Henry Cromwell while Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland." Mr. Cromwell's military status
at the time of his death was that of Major of foot in
Fielding's Regiment. He was cut off by fever at Lisbon
while serving under Lord Galway in the war against
Spain in Queen Anne's reign, in 1711, being then in his
fifty-fourth year. His widow, who survived him twenty-
one years, appears to have resided in or near London, for
her burial took place in Bunhill Fields. The portraits of
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 55
herself and of her husband — the latter being represented
as a very handsome man — are still extant, being part of the
Brantingsay Collection.
Issue of Major Henry Cromwell and Hannah Hewling.
I. Oliver, born at Spinney Abbey in 1687 ; died at
Gray's Inn in London at the age of sixteen. This was
the fourth Oliver Cromwell who by celibacy or premature
death failed to carry on the first Protector's name.
II. Benjamin Hewling, born at Spinney Abbey in
1689 ; died at York in 1694.
III. Henry, born at Spinney Abbey in 1692 ; died in
infancy.
IV. William, generally known as " Mr. Cromwell of
Kirby Street," was born in the parish of Cripplegate, in
London, in 1693. Being bred to the law, he passed a
considerable portion of his life in Gray's Inn chambers,
and it was not till he reached the age of fifty-seven that
he married Mary, the daughter of William Sherwill of
London, merchant, and the wealthy widow of Thomas
Westby, of Linton, Cambs., Esq., consequent on which
event he changed his abode to Bocking, in Essex.
The lady herself was sixty years of age at the time of
this her second marriage, and in the course of two years
after the removal to Bocking she died, and Mr. Cromwell
thereupon returned to London, and spent the remainder of
his days in Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, where his own
death occurred in 1772, at the age of seventy-nine. Husband
and wife both lie in the family vault in Bunhill Fields.
Mrs. Cromwell shortly before her second marriage had,
in conjunction with Mrs. Bromsale, built and endowed at
Hoxton the row of ten houses long known as " the old
maids' almshouses," though, in fact, widows as well as
single women were embraced in the charity, the only
stipulation being that they were Protestant Dissenters.
She thoroughly sympathized in the outspoken Noncon-
56 The House of Cromwell.
formity which distinguished her husband's confession of
faith, who for fifty years was a member, and for nearly
thirty years a deacon, of the church meeting at Haber-
dashers' Hall ; and there his funeral sermon was preached
by Dr. Thomas Gibbons. " He appeared," says the
Doctor, " to be a Christian indeed ; not only by abstaining
from what was gross and scandalous, profane and un-
godly, but by a spirituality of temper, and by attention to
inward religion and the pulse of his soul towards God ;
and, indeed, his sentiments and conduct manifested a
happy union of experimental and practical godliness. He
met, and no wonder in so long a pilgrimage, very heavy
afflictions, but never did I hear him murmur or repine,
though I am persuaded he was not without quick and
keen sensations. . . . He might have had genteel
provision made for him in life beyond what Providence
had otherwise given him, if he could have qualified as
a member of the Church of England ; but he chose
rather to preserve his conscience inviolate, and to re-
main a Nonconformist, than advance himself in the
world and depart from what appeared to him the line
of duty."
Mr. Hewling Luson, a son of Hannah's younger sister,
bears a corresponding testimony, speaking of him as " the
late Mr. Cromwell of Kirby Street, my near relation, and
a most benevolent humble honest man." The journal of
Thomas Hollis, the virtuoso, chronicles under date 1762
an interview with " that worthy old gentleman Mr. William
Cromwell, the great-grandson of the Protector," by whom
he is then introduced to two nieces, Miss Elizabeth and
Miss Letitia Cromwell, of Hampstead. The portrait-
gallery of these ladies, and their museum of family relics,
are then inspected, disclosing a variety of heirlooms, which
Mr. Hollis then describes, but which must be left at
present till the Brantingsay gallery and other collections
of Cromwellian relics claim a final notice.
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 57
Mr. Cromwell was on friendly terms with Henry Crom-
well the poet, so well known by his published corre-
spondence with Alexander Pope ; and though the family
relationship between these two gentlemen was somewhat
remote, yet, as they both derived from the knight of
Hinchinbrook, they constantly maintained the form of
calling one another " cousin." One of William Cromwell's
early reminiscences was his having dined at Westminster,
when a youth, with his great-uncle, Richard, the ex-
Protector. There were present on that occasion, besides
himself, Jerry White, the chaplain, and William Penn,
the Quaker-founder of Pennsylvania. Mr. Cromwell
rendered valuable aid to the compilers of "Thurloe's State
Papers " by contributing a large collection of family docu-
ments, which had come down to him from the original
owners, and which are duly notified in the margin of that
work.
V. Richard, fifth son of Major Henry Cromwell and
Hannah Hewling, was born at Hackney in 1695, and
became an eminent attorney and solicitor in Chancery.
In 1723, on his great-grandfather's auspicious day —
September 3 — he married Sarah, the daughter of
Ebenezer Gatton, of Southwark, who was also the niece,
and eventually one of the co-heiresses, of Sir Robert
Thornhill, a wealthy attorney of Red Lion Square. The
ceremony was performed by Dr. Edmund Gibson, the
Lord Bishop of London aforesaid, and the place selected
was the chapel connected with the banqueting-house in
the palace of Whitehall. Bishop Gibson, whose scholar-
ship was of the most varied kind — linguistic, antiquarian,
and forensic — was, moreover, what is commonly under-
stoodasaliberal-minded Churchman ; while in his character
of an official censor he poured through the press an un-
ceasing stream of pamphlets and charges, with a view to
the reformation of manners, and by his hostility to Court
masquerades provoked the enmity of King George II.
58 The House of Cromwell.
Perhaps his admiration for Oliver was an additional
stimulus to the royal displeasure.
Mr. Richard Cromwell, after his marriage, continued to
reside in London as his place of business, but eventually
removed to Hampstead, where he died in 1759, and was
buried in the family vault in Bunhill Fields. He had
previously erected there an " altar-monument " to receive
family inscriptions ; but this relic, like so many others
around it, fell a prey to neglect, and the inscriptions are
now almost obliterated, excepting the names of his
brother William and wife. It has recently received at its
foot the words, deeply chiselled, " RICHARD CROM-
WELL, HIS VAULT. Restored by the Corporation of
London." It must be with reference to this gentlemen
that the following letter was published in the Gentleman's
Magazine for July, 1777 :
" Mr. Urban,
" In order to render your former, as well as later,
accounts of Cromwell's family as perfect as possible, I
must observe that there was a Mr. Cromwell, an attorney
by profession, with whom I frequently conversed, and who
was well known to the old frequenters of Wills' coffee-
house, near Lincoln's Inn Gate. I do not know in what
degree of consanguinity he stood to Oliver, but that he
was a descendant of his family none who saw him could
doubt, for he was very like the best pictures of Oliver him-
self. He was respected, too, as an honest man ; but
he seemed to have only the external marks of his great
predecessor. I think about the time ' I missed him at the
accustomed tree ' was near twenty years ago, and he then
appeared to be about seventy years of age.
" P T "
A subsequent correspondent conjectured that this might
have been Henry, the sixth child of Hannah Hewling ;
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 59
but Henry's occupation was not that of the law, nor do
the dates fit so well as with Richard. Mr. Richard
Cromwell had two sons and four daughters :
I. Robert, born at Bartlett's Buildings. This
gentleman inherited, in right of his mother, Sarah
Gatton, a moiety of the manor of Cheshunt Park or
Brantingsay aforesaid; but dying unmarried in 1762,
at the age of thirty-seven, the said moiety went to his
sisters ; and the other moiety also came to them
eventually through the decease s.p. of their cousin
Peter Hynde, only son and heir of Eleanor Gatton.
II. Oliver, died in infancy.
III. Elizabeth, died at Hampstead in 1792.
IV. Anne, died at Berkhampstead in 1777.
V. Eleanor, died in infancy.
VI. Letitia, died at Hampstead, 1789.
The survivors of these ladies, namely, Elizabeth and
Letitia, on inheriting their brother Robert's estate, quitted
Berkhampstead, and reoccupied the paternal mansion at
Hampstead in Middlesex. Among the personal property
which in like manner descended to them, they came into
possession of a complete museum of historical relics, in-
cluding a series of family portraits, dating from the six-
teenth century downwards, all which subsequently found
a fitting receptacle at Cheshunt. Elizabeth's death is thus
recorded in the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1792 :
"At Hampstead, Mrs. Elizabeth Cromwell, eldest
daughter and last surviving child of Mr. Richard Cromwell,
grandson of Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. She has
left the bulk of her fortune to Mr. Oliver Cromwell, attorney,
clerk of the Million Bank ; £500 to the children of Mr.
Field of Newington, late an apothecary of Newgate Street,
who married her cousin, her uncle Thomas's daughter ; and
a handsome legacy to Mrs. Moreland, relict of Richard
Hynde, Esq., whose mother was her maternal aunt, and
60 The House of Cromwell.
who with her brother jointly possessed Cheshunt Park, the
moiety of which on his death devolved to them, subject to
his widow's jointure."
VI. Henry, sixth son of Major Henry Cromwell and
Hannah Hewling, born 1698 ; was for some time in
partnership with his brother Thomas as a wholesale pro-
vision merchant, though he subsequently held a post in the
Excise Office. He died unmarried in 1769, and was buried
in Bunhill Fields, in the vault of his brother Thomas.
The inscriptions on this tomb, like those on Richard's, are
now also defaced, but the name HENRY CROMWELL
has been recently cut in strong relief, and the following
words : " Discovered seven feet beneath the surface, and
restored by the Corporation of London, 1869." The ruin
which some few years ago had, with increasing rapidity,
been overspreading the memorials of Bunhill Fields through
overcrowding, was happily brought to an end when all
future interments were forbidden. Amongst many others,
one of the Cromwell monuments, and also that of Lieu-
tenant-General Fleetwood and Lady Hartopp, had gone
quite out of sight, although both of them, especially that
of Fleetwood, were capacious structures.
VII. Thomas, the only one of the eight sons of Major
Henry Cromwell and Hannah Hewling whose descendants
survive, of whom presently (p. 61).
VIII. Oliver, born in Gray's Inn in London, in 1704,
just after the death of his eldest brother Oliver, and there-
fore made to succeed him in name. He, like his father,
served in the British Army, and held an ensigncy in an
Irish regiment ; but disliking the situation, he resigned his
commission, and passed the rest of his life in privacy,
dying unmarried in 1748.
IX. Mary, born at Newington Green in i6gi; died un-
married in 1731 ; buried in Bunhill Fields.
X. Hannah, born at Hackney in 1697 '■> died unmarried
in 1732.
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 6 1
VII. Thomas, seventh son of Major Henry Cromwell
and Hannah Hewling, born at Hackney in 1699 ; became,
in partnership with his brother Henry, a wholesale pro-
vision merchant and sugar -refiner, on Snowhill. On
quitting business he retired to Bridgwater Square, dying
in 1748 (or 1752 ?), and was buried in Bunhill Fields.
He was twice married ; first to Frances, daughter of
John Tidman of London, merchant ; and secondly to
Mary, daughter of Nicholas Skinner of London, mer-
chant, of whom hereafter. The issue of the first marriage
were :
Oliver, Henry, Thomas, and Elizabeth, who all
died young or unmarried; and Anne, who in 1753 was
married at Edmonton to John Field, an apothecary,
at that time of Newgate Street, but afterwards of
Stoke Newington, of whom hereafter.
Mr. Thomas Cromwell by his second wife, Mary Skinner,
had:
I. Oliver, his heir, of whom hereafter.
II. Thomas, who in 1771 or 1773 died in the East
India Company's service, just after obtaining a lieu-
tenancy.
III., IV., V., VI. Richard, Elizabeth, and Hannah
Hewling, who all died young; and Susanna, who for
many years lived with her widowed mother in Carey
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, subsequently at Ponders
End. Leaving there after her mother's death, she
occupied a cottage at Flamstead End in her brother
Oliver's parish, and is supposed to have died there
unmarried in 1834, but to have been buried in Bun-
hill Fields.
As for the widowed mother herself, she survived her
husband more than sixty years, reaching at last the
patriarchal age of one hundred and four; in fact, she
was nearly one hundred and five. About the year 17S3,
62 The House of Cromwell.
being then seventy - four years of age, she quitted
London in company with her daughter Susanna, and
took up her final residence at Ponders End in the house
of her deceased aunt, Lady Collett, who had long been a
principal supporter of the Nonconformist interest in that
village.
Mrs. Cromwell's communion with her new friends as a
church-member was considerably hindered by her loss of
hearing, but she found a partial resource in the habitual
record of her feelings in the form of a diary which must
have covered a vast space of time. This chronicle of her
hidden life was destroyed, in fulfilment no doubt of her
own wishes ; but a fragment or two from its earlier pages
have been rescued, from the tenor of which we may
gather that the successive loss of her husband and children
had been felt by her as a very sore affliction. Referring
to the death of her daughter Elizabeth, above mentioned,
who died at the age of thirteen, she makes the following
reflection : " My God has seen fit in His infinite wisdom to
remove another dear creature-comfort, a first-born ; one
whom His grace made to differ, whose early piety appeared
in her fear of offending God, her love to every duty of
religion, her strict regard to truth, always dutiful, and
conscientiously careful against sin. Her life was short,
but well improved : she made haste and delayed not to
keep the commandments of the Lord. Could I follow
my dear delights no farther than the grave, I must sink
under my afflictions — to see my comforts dropping off
like leaves in autumn, wave after wave rolling over me,
and leaving me a lonely survivor. But religion teaches
me to converse with things above, leads me to see where
real and lasting joys are to be found, and calls me to recol-
lect my covenant-engagements. I then resolved to take
up my cross." On the death of her husband, in October,
1752, she had written, " . . . . Ere long my change will
come. I think I am as weary of sin as of sorrow, though
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 63
Death has been my worst enemy. May his next visit be
in mercy, and may every wave of affliction leave me nearer
the heavenly shore. Afflictions have drunk up my spirits.
Thine arrows stick fast in me, and Thine hand presseth
me sore. Therefore is my spirit overwhelmed within me ;
my heart within me is desolate. Unless Thy law had
been my delight I should have perished in my affliction."
She had, however, after her retreat to Ponders End, an
abiding consolation in the character and creditable career
of her son Oliver, who, residing in the neighbouring parish
of Cheshunt, often came over to see her, and was able
before she died to invoke her blessing on seven of his own
grandchildren. That he also took an interest in the
religious community to which his mother was attached is
evidenced by the appearance of his name in a subscrip-
tion list preserved in the records of that church for en-
larging the building in 1815, towards which object " Oliver
Cromwell" gives ten guineas, and " Susannah Cromwell"
five guineas.
As might have been expected, Mrs. Cromwell's decease
at so advanced an age was a very gradual process. Dim-
ness of sight, so far as to preclude the faculty of reading,
had been added to her other infirmities, so that, shut out
from the external world, the attitude of her soul expressed
itself in a constant desire to depart, and her attendants on
entering her chamber usually found her on her knees.
January 29, 1813, saw the close of her long pilgrimage ;
and her surviving children, Oliver and Susannah, selected
as an appropriate motto for her funeral sermon the dying
song of the Apostle Paul, " I have fought the good fight,"
etc., which sermon, entitled " The Triumph of Faith," was
accordingly delivered by John Knight, the then minister
of Ponders End Chapel. Her portrait, taken shortly
before her death, is in the hands of her descendants, the
Prescott family. Mrs. Cromwell, as also her daughter
Susanna, who survived her some years, are believed to
64 The House of Cromwell.
have been both buried in Bunhill Fields. We have now
to treat of her only surviving son,
OLIVER CROMWELL OF CHESHUNT.
Oliver Cromwell, Esq., born in 1742, commenced life
as a solicitor. He practised for many years as a solicitor
in Essex Street, Strand, and was also clerk to St. Thomas's
Hospital. But on inheriting the Cheshunt estate under
the will of his cousins Elizabeth and Letitia, he adopted
Brantingsay as his habitual residence.* On August 8,
1771, Mr. Cromwell espoused Mary, daughter and co-heir
of Morgan Morse, Esq., and had two sons and a daughter.
The first child died in infancy. The birth of the second,
named Oliver, is thus recorded in the Annual Register for
1782 : " Birth,— The lady of Oliver Cromwell, Esq., of a
son and heir, at his house in Nicholas Lane. This child
is the only male heir of the Cromwell family in a lineal
descent from the memorable Protector of that name."
But little Oliver, alas ! like so many of his predecessors,
once more disappointed the hopes of his friends. He lived
but three years ; and now the only surviving child was a
daughter, Elizabeth Oliveria, born in 1777, and married in
1801 to Thomas Artemidorus Russell, Esq.
Mr. Cromwell of Cheshunt wished his daughter to carry
on his name, in accordance with the course usually pursued
in such cases, by her husband's adopting the surname and
arms of Cromwell, either in addition to, or in exchange
for, those of Russell. Such a procedure is technically said
to be " by royal permission." The issue of the affair is
thus recorded by Mr. Burke, the herald : " Mr. Cromwell
wishing to perpetuate the name of his great ancestor,
* This estate is not to be confounded with Theobald's Park, which was never
in the possession of the Cromwell family. Theobald's Park and the Manor of
Cheshunt belonged to the Prescott family, while Cheshunt or Brantingsay Park
and Manor at Theobald's belonged to the Cromwell party. The name was
formerly spelt Brantingshaye.
Henry, Fourth Sou of the Protector. 65
applied, it is said, in the usual quarter for permission that
his son-in-law should assume the surname of Cromwell ;
when, to his astonishment, considering that such requests
are usually granted on the payment of certain fees as a
matter of course, the permission was refused. Such a
course of proceeding is too contemptible for comment."*
The credit of the refusal has been variously ascribed to the
old King, to the Prince Regent, and to William IV. Sir
Robert Heron, writing in 1821, makes mention of it thus :
"Within the last two or three years died the last male
direct descendant of Oliver Cromwell. He was well
known to my father and to Sir Abraham Hume, who lived
near him. They represented him as a worthy man of mild
manners, much resembling in character his immediate
ancestor, Henry, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. Early
in life his pecuniary circumstances were narrowed, but
latterly he possessed a comfortable income. He was
desirous of leaving his name to his son-in-law Mr. Russell,
and applied for his Majesty's permission that Russell
should assume it ; but the old King positively refused it,
always saying, 'No, no — no more Cromwells ' " (Sir
Robert Heron's Notes). Another version of the affair is,
that Mr. Cromwell, becoming apprehensive that the change
of name might, after all, prove a hindrance rather than
otherwise to his grandchildren's advance in life, allowed
the matter to remain in abeyance ; but that the scheme
was revived by another member of the family in a
memorial addressed to William IV., and that it was this
King, and not George III., who uttered the energetic veto
above recorded.
Mr. Cromwell, to whom we are indebted for the
" Memoirs of the Protector Oliver Cromwell and of his
Two Sons, Richard and Henry," died on May 31, 1821,
at the age of seventy-nine. His excellent wife, whose
charitable deeds were long remembered in the neighbour-
* " History of the Commoners," vol. i., p. 433.
66 The House of Cromwell.
hood, lived on to her eighty-seventh year. On Sundays
she was in the habit of attending the chapel of the neigh-
bouring college (founded by Lady Huntingdon), in which
she was joined by her husband and by her sister-in-law,
Miss Susanna Cromwell.
The family monument at Cheshunt Church records only
the following names :
Oliver Cromwell, Esq., 1821, aged seventy-nine.
Mary Cromwell, his wife, 1831, eighty-seven.
Lieutenant-General Armstrong, his son-in-law, sixty-
three.
Thomas Artemidorus Russell, Esq., 1858, eighty-
three.
Eliza Oliveria, his wife, 1849, seventy-two.
Artemidorus Cromwell Russell, 1830, twenty-seven.
Avarilla Aphra, his wife, 1827, twenty-one.
John Russell, Esq., 1830, eighty-two.
Eliza, wife of John Henry Cromwell Russell, 1876,
seventy.
Family of Russell, of Cheshunt Park.
Elizabeth Oliveria Cromwell, only surviving child
of Oliver Cromwell, of Cheshunt, was born in 1777, mar-
ried in 1801 to Thomas Artemidorus Russell, of Thurston,
co. Hereford, Esq. She died in 1849 at the age of
seventy-two, and in her death the English nation had to
contemplate the final extinction of the Protector's house-
hold inheriting the name of Cromwell by blood. To the
present writer, his personal intercourse with the venerable
lady is the most interesting fact connected with the
labours of this family history. To watch her passing
from portrait to portrait through the Brantingsay gallery,
and hear her with tremulous voice dwelling on the virtues
of each successive representative of the house from the
Protector's parents down to her own father, was to become
He7i7y, Fourth Son of the Protector. 67
for awhile the passive recipient of very pleasant sensations
— sensations, it may be, too thronging for description,
too complex for analysis. By her husband she left nine
children :
I. Elizabeth Oliveria, born 1802 ; married 1823 to
Frederick Joseph, son of George Frederick Prescott, of
Theobalds, Herts, Esq. By her husband, formerly of the
War Office, and who died in 1888, aged ninety-one, she
became the mother of ten children :
I. Frederick George, born 1824 ; died in infancy.
II. Emma Elizabeth, born 1826 ; married, 1853, to
Herbert Calthorpe, son of Lieutenant-Gencral Wil-
liam Gardner, R.A., and by him (who died 1857) had,
surviving issue, Herbert Prescott, born 1854, and
Emma Louisa, born 1S57.
III. George Frederick, Vicar of St. Michael's, Pad
dington, M.A. Cantab., born 1827 ; married, 1863
to Sarah, daughter of John Horsley, Esq., Madras
Civil Service, and had : Mary, 1864 ; Edward, 1866
Ernest, 1867 ; Mildred, 1871.
IV. Charles Andrew, banker and M.A. Cantab,
born 1829 ; married, 1S64, to Emma Catharine
daughter of William Harrison, Esq., of Westbourne
Terrace, by whom he had four children : Charlotte
Cromwell, 1865 ; Charles Cave Cromwell, 1S67, died
in childhood; Oliveria Cromwell, 1S72 ; Kenneth
Loder Cromwell, 1874.
V. Edward Barker, Captain 33rd Regiment (Wel-
lington's), wounded in the Crimea. Medal and clasps.
Married, 1857, to Sophia Victoria, daughter of Wil-
liam Cox, of Gloucester Crescent, Esq., and has a
son, Edward Frederick William, born 185S.
VI. Lucy Esther, born 1833.
VII. Augusta Sophia, born 1835 ; married, 1873,
to Robert Burn, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
68 The House of Cromwell.
VIII. Henry Warner, a banker, born 1837.
IX. Edgar Grote, of the Stock Exchange, and B.A.
Oxon., born 1839 ; married, 1865, to Jane Katharine,
daughter of Edgar Barker, Esq., of Oxford Square,
and had seven children : Henry Frederick, 1866 ;
Edward Barker, 1867 ; Edgar Evelyn, 1869 ; Mar-
garet Oliveria, died in infancy, 1871 ; Herbert, 1872 ;
Nelly Margaret, 1875 ; Isabel Katharine, 1878.
X. Oliveria Louisa, born 1842.
II. Artemidorus Cromwell, born 1803; died 1830,
having married Avarilla Aphra Armstrong, by whom (who
died 1827) ne na-d one daughter, Avarilla Oliveria Crom-
well, born 1826 ; married, 1849, to Rev. Paul Bush, of
South Luffenham, now [1890] Rector of Duloe, near
Liskeard ; died November 25, 1895. By her husband she
had issue :
I. Thomas Cromwell, B.A. Oxon, born 1851,
Vicar of Camel Queen, Bath.
II. Elizabeth Oliveria, 1852.
III. James Graham, in India, 1854.
IV. Paul Warner, Lieutenant in the Royal Navy,
born 1855.
V. Charles Cromwell, in India, born 1857.
VI. Charlotte Mary Avarilla, 1858.
VII. Beatrice Maud, i860.
VIII. Herbert Cromwell, 1861.
IX. Ethel Julia, 1863.
X. Gertrude Harriet Cromwell, 1865.
XI. Mabel Ottley, 1868.
III. Mary Esther, born 1805 ; married, 1832, to
General George Andrew Armstrong, of Hereford, In-
spector-General of the Hereford Volunteers. She married
secondly, in 1836, Thomas Huddlestone, Esq.
IV. John Henry Cromwell, of Sittingbourne, born
1806 ; married, 1832, to Eliza, only daughter of Maurice
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 69
Lievesley, Esq., and had one daughter : Eliza Clementina
Frances Cromwell, born 1835.
V. Thomas Artemidorus Cromwell, born 1808 ;
died in infancy.
VI. Thomas Artemidorus, born 1810 ; married 1862 ;
died 1863.
VII. Letitia Cromwell, born 1812 ; married, 1847,
to Frederick Whitfield, of 4, Vane Street, Bath, M.D.,
and had two daughters : Amy, 1848, and Elizabeth (?).
Mrs. Whitfield died in 1863.
VIII. Charles William Cromwell, born 1814; died
1859.
IX. Emma Bridget, born 1816 ; married, 1834, to
Captain Richard Warner, 5th Foot, a descendant of Sir
Thomas Warner, who, as one of the early explorers of
Antigua, obtained a grant of land there from James I.,
who also presented him with the celebrated ring which
Queen Elizabeth had given to Essex. This gem, we are
informed, belonged originally to Mary, Queen of Scots,
and King James's gift of it to Sir Thomas Warner was
designed as an especial mark of favour. Since that time
it has descended from father to son in the elder branch of
the Warner family. Captain Richard Warner died 1863.
The issue of the above marriage was as follows :
I. Ashton Cromwell, born 1835. He served through-
out the Indian Mutiny campaign in 1857-58, received
a medal with clasps for " Defence of Lucknow " and
" Lucknow," and a brevet majority ; retired from the
20th Hussars in 1868 ; appointed Chief Constable of
Bedfordshire in 1871. Major Warner, married first
— 1S68 — Anne Geraldine, only daughter of M. B.
Jeffreys, Esq., and by her (who died 1871) had one
son, Ashton Darell Cromwell, who died in infancy.
He married secondly — 1872 — Florence Louisa, fourth
daughter of the late W. Stapleton Piers, Esq., and
grand-daughter of Sir John Bennett Piers, of Trister-
yo The House of Cromwell.
nagh Abbey, co. Westmeath, Bart., and has issue :
Bridget Nora Cromwell, 1874 ; Lionel Ashton Piers,
1875 ; Marjorie Ellin, 1877 ; Esther Hastings, 1878.
II. Richard Edward, born 1836; married, 1864, to
Mary Jametta Hale, daughter of Major Constantine
Yeoman, of Sibron, and had issue : Constance Emma
Cromwell, Leonard Ottley, Mary Challoner, Basil
Hale, Richard Cromwell, Lawrence Dundas, Wynyard
Alexander, Marmaduke.
III. Wynyard Huddleston, named after his uncle,
General Wynyard, of the Grenadier Guards, who
distinguished himself in the Crimea. He married
Jane, daughter of Mr. Bell, of the Civil Service, East
India Company.
We now pass to the families deriving from Anne Crom-
well (p. 61).
Family of Field.
Anne, only surviving daughter of Thomas Cromwell, of
Bridgwater Square, by his first marriage, married, in 1753,
at Edmonton, John Field, an apothecary, at that time of
Newgate Street, but afterwards of Stoke Newington.
There is reason to think that this was a union prompted
by cordiality of religious sentiment, the Fields being of
a Puritan stock, and Mr. Field himself attached to Stoke
Newington society. Mr. Field, whose medical practice
was extensive, was the founder, in 1765, of the London
Annuity Society, established for the benefit of the widows
of its members. This institution, now located at 3, Ser-
geants' Inn, possesses half-length portraits of himself
and of his son Henry, who succeeded him professionally.
His living presence, we are told, was a familiar and grate-
ful object to all the dwellers in and about Stoke Newing-
ton, who believed his good nature to be inexhaustible, the
capacious coach in which he performed the daily journey
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 7 1
into town being apparently at the service of the public,
for while his personal friends occupied the interior, some
poor neighbour was generally to be seen on the box. The
religious coterie of that suburban district, clustering round
the household of the ex-General Fleetwood, will be noticed
more at large hereafter. Mr. Field's intercourse must
have been with their succeeding generation. His own
ancestry derived from Cockenhoe, in Herts, where he was
born in 1719. His death occurred in 1796, the year
before that of his wife. Their children now to be noticed
are nine in number :
I. Henry, an apothecary, born September 29, 1755,
rose to high esteem among the brethren of his profession,
as testified by the offices which from time to time he
filled. In 1807 he was elected apothecary to Christ's
Hospital. He was also lecturer and treasurer to the
Society of Apothecaries, one of the Board of Health in
1831 for prevention of cholera, the city of London pre-
senting him with a silver centre for his table. He was
also for many years treasurer of the London Annuity
Society for the benefit of widows of apothecaries, in Chat-
ham Place, Blackfriars, which his father had founded.
Among his writings may be mentioned " Memoirs of the
Botanick Garden " at Chelsea. He maintained his powers
till his eighty-third year, when he died at Woodford,
Essex, December 19, 1837, and was buried at Cheshunt.
His portrait was painted for the Apothecaries by R.
Pickersgill, and for the Annuity Society by Samuel Lane,
and an engraving from the latter was so skilfully executed
by Charles Turner that the family regard it as a better
likeness than the original painting. Mr. Field married,
on September 2, 1784, Esther, daughter of E. Barron, of
Woolacre House, near Deptford, Esq., and by her (who
died January 16, 1834) kft s^x sons ar*d two daughters :
I. Henry Cromwell, born 1785. Succeeded to his
father's professional position in Newgate Street, and
72 The House of Cromwell.
became chairman of the Court of Examiners of the
Apothecaries' Company. His personal tastes took
an artistic turn, and led to his becoming an occasional
exhibitor at the Royal Academy. Shortly before his
death he was preparing, in co-operation with the
chaplain of Charterhouse, a book in illustration of
that establishment. It was whilst in the discharge
of his duty as resident medical officer there that his
death occurred instantaneously in 1840. He was
buried in the vault of Charterhouse Chapel. He
married his cousin Anne, daughter of Thomas
Gwinnel, of whom hereafter.
II. Barron, born October 23, 1786; died s.p.
April 11, 1846, at his residence at Meadfoot House,
Torquay. He entered the Inner Temple 1809, and
was called to the Bar on June 23, 1814. He became
Advocate - Fiscal at Ceylon, Chief Justice in New
South Wales, and finally Chief Justice at Gibraltar.
It was at Gibraltar that the late Earl of Beaconsfield,
then a young man on his travels, met the Chief
Justice in 1830. He characteristically describes the
Judge-Advocate as " noisy, obtrusive, jargonic, a true
lawyer, ever illustrating the obvious, explaining the
evident, and expatiating on the commonplace." Like
his brother, he sought and found a solatium in studies
less rigid than the law. Dramatic literature became
his favourite pursuit. He was an intimate friend of
Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt, and Crabb Robinson,
and for a time held the post of theatrical critic for
the Times. He edited some of the issues of the
Shakspeare Society, and was meditating a complete
collection of Heywood's works with a biography at
the time of his own decease. His widow, Jane,
daughter of Mr. Carncroft, whom he had married in
1816, died at Wimbledon in 1878, aged eighty-
six.
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. jt>
III. Francis John, born 1791; died suddenly, in
1857, at his residence, 88, Chester Place, Regent's
Park. He held in the India House the office of
Accountant-General, and was the last of that title.
He married, 1841, Anne, daughter of Edward Barron,
of Northiam, in Sussex. Charles Lamb, in one of
his letters to Bernard Barton, while humorously re-
cording his neglect of some of the details of social
life, says: "All the time I was at the East India
House I never mended a pen. When I write to a
great man at the Court end, he opens with surprise
upon a naked note such as Whitechapel people inter-
change, with no sweet degrees of envelope. I never
enclosed one bit of paper in another, nor understood
the rationale of it. Once only I sealed with borrowed
wax, to set Sir Walter Scott a-wondering, signed
with the Imperial quartered arms of England, which
my friend Field bears in compliment to his descent
in the female line from Oliver Cromwell. It must
have set his antiquarian curiosity upon watering "
(Talfourd's " Life and Letters of Lamb").
IV. Esther, born 1792, resided near her brother,
Frederick Field, the Rector of Reepham, in Norfolk,
and died 1871.
V. Edmund, born 1799, a Russia merchant of the
hrm of Brandt and Co., retired to Hastings, where
he became active in works of benevolence and in
pictorial studies. He died in 1880.
VI. Frederick, born in London July 20, 1801. In
1824 he was elected Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, in company with T. B. Macaulay.
Among his private pupils was F. D. Maurice. He
was Rector, first of Great Saxham, Suffolk, and after-
wards, from 1842, of Reepham, Norfolk. He resigned
this living in 1863, and removed to Norwich, where
he continued to reside till his death, which occurred
74 The House of Cromwell.
on April ig, 1885. His name is inseparably con-
nected with Chrysostom and Origen, and his edition
of Origen's " Hexapla " is recognised as the most
important contribution to Patristic theology which
has appeared for a century.
VII. Marriott, born 1803, emigrated to America,
where he was drowned. His taste was for music,
but he also produced three poems, entitled "Job,"
" Ecclesiastes," and the " Story of Esther."
VIII. Maria Letitia, born 1805, has long con-
stituted one of the Field colony at Hastings.
II. Oliver, born 1761, left Worcester for America in
1799, and died at New York in 1835. His wife was
Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Gittings, of Shropshire.
Their family when they left England were very young ;
of these, Oliver died in childhood. Of the survivors,
John, Joseph, and Thomas, two of them and the mother
paid a visit to England many years ago, but are now
[1879], together with their sisters, believed to have all
married in America.
III. John, born 1764, commenced business as a Russia
merchant, but discovered before long a remarkable aptitude
for astronomy and the construction of scientific apparatus.
These qualities, combined as they were with a character
for high integrity, becoming known to the Government,
his services were secured for the Royal Mint, where he
held the office of Umpire between the several departments
on the precious metals passing between the officers and
the Bank of England. Among his mechanical inventions,
some of which were adopted in America and France, may
be mentioned a counting -machine and an improved
system of assay-beams and weights. He died, in 1843,
at his residence, Bayswater Hill, in his seventy-ninth
year. His portrait, reminding one of Pascal, is in the
possession of his son Henry. He married Mary, only
Henry, Fourth Sou of the Protector. 75
child of Charles Pryer, of Tichfield, Hants, Esq., and by
her, who died 1859, nacl eight children :
I., II., and III. Henry, Charles, and Frederick,
who all died young of typhus fever.
IV. Henry William, born 1803. Was for fifty-one
years an able servant of the Crown at the Mint, and
about seven years ago retired to his estate of Munster
Lodge, on the banks of the Thames, near Tedding-
ton. He entered the Mint at the age of sixteen, at
the time of Lord Maryborough's Mastership, and
assisted at the great recoinage, then in progress.
The chemical skill which he inherited from his father
eventually found fuller scope when, in 1850, he suc-
ceeded to the office of Queen's Assay -Master (an
ancient appellation subsequently disused). This was
also the period of Sir John Herschell's appointment
to the Mastership, marking an economical crisis in
the history of that establishment, which was long
remembered as "the revolution of '51." In the labora-
tory Mr. Field was ever Sir John's able auxiliary,
more especially when it was resolved to establish and
apply more incontrovertible tests to the quality of
bullion devoted to coinage. The scientific details of
Mr. Field's new system of working the assays cannot
here be displayed ; it must suffice to say they re-
ceived Herschell's emphatic approbation. A parting
message which came from his old friend many years
after will form a suitable voucher. " I am suffering,"
says Sir John, " under an attack of bronchitis which
has lasted me all the winter, so excessively severe
that I can hardly hold the pen, which must excuse
the brevity of this, and being now in my eightieth
year, I can hope for no relief. I shall retain, how-
ever, to the last a pleasing recollection of aid and
support I received from you during the period of my
administration of the Mint. And I know you will
j 6 The House of Cromwell.
believe me ever, my dear sir, yours most truly,
J. F. W. Herschell." — Mr. Field, in 1840, married
Anna, daughter of T. Mills, of Coval Hall, Chelms-
ford, and Vicar of Hellions-Bumpstead, Essex, and
by her, who died in 1868, had:
I. Mary Hester Katherine, born 1841 ; married,
1864, to Arthur Evershed, of Ampthill, M.D., and
has issue seven children.
II. Katharine Anne Russell, born 1842 ; married,
1866, to William Henry Snelling of the Admiralty,
of Ashton Lodge, Selhurst, Esq., and has issue.
III. Harriet Elizabeth Pryer, born 1843.
IV. Frances Anna Ollyffe, born 1847.
V. Henry Cromwell Beckwith, of Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, Curate of St. Jude's, Liverpool ;
born 1850.
VI. Letitia Eliza, married, 1876, to Ralph
Thomas, of Doughty Street, solicitor, and has
issue.
VII. Minnie, died 1878.
V. Emma Katharine, born 1809, lived with her
widowed mother at Notting Hill, and after her
mother's decease removed to Barnes.
VI. Charles Frederick, born 1813 ; held office in
the Admiralty ; married, in 1868, Flora Helen, daughter
of Charles A. Elderton of the Bengal Medical Staff,
and had issue : (1) Charles John Elderton, 1869 ;
(2) Flora Georgiana, 1870 ; (3) Oliver Cromwell,
1871 ; (4) Katharine Mary Ida, 1875.
VII. Oliver Cromwell, born 1815, a Commander
in the Royal Navy, having much in common with
his renowned ancestor ; a man of energy, humanity,
and prompt action, shown on various occasions in the
rescuing of wrecked crews during his several voyages
to and from India. His wife died in 1884.
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. yy
VIII. Samuel Pryer, M.A., of Trinity College,
Cambridge, Vicar of Sawbridgeworth, born in 1816 ;
died 1878 ; so devoted to the study of ecclesiastical
architecture that he lavished much of his income in
restoring the church fabrics successively under his
care. By his wife, Jane, daughter of Admiral Sir
W. H. Pierson, of Langton, Hants, he had four
children: (1) Cyril, in the Royal Marines; (2) Bertha;
(3) Oliver, in New Zealand ; (4) Maud, died 1885.
IV. William, fourth son of John Field and Anne
Cromwell, born 1767; died 1851 ; of Learn, near Warwick.
In accordance with the Calvinistic theology of his parents,
he was educated as a Protestant Dissenting minister, first
at Daventry and afterwards at Homerton ; but adopting
Unitarian principles, he was ordained by Dr. Priestley and
Mr. Belsham to the pastorate of the ancient Presbyterian
congregation of High Street Chapel in Warwick, and
with this was combined for twenty-two years the over-
sight of a similar community at Kenilworth. He early
displayed that literary power, both political and polemical,
which he was ever afterwards prompt to wield in the
advocacy of popular rights, and which resulted in a vast
variety of pamphlets belonging chiefly to the period of
Lord Grey's first Reform Bill. Other works from his pen
are the Life of his friend, Dr. Parr of Hatton, and an
" Account of the Town and Castle of Warwick." His
activity also resulted in the establishment of a public
library, and of the Warwick Advertiser. His portrait,
painted by Henry Wyatt, and exhibited in 1838, has been
well engraved in large quarto by Charles Turner. The
Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson gives us a glimpse of the
domestic life of this family in 1839. ^r- Robinson had
been spending a fortnight with his friends, the Masqueriers,
of Leamington, and adds: "This excursion has left several
very agreeable recollections. Among them the most promi-
nent was my better acquaintance with the Field family. I
7$ The House of Cromwell.
then knew Edwin Field chiefly as the junior partner of
Edgar Taylor, who was at that time approaching the end
of an honourable and useful life. Mr. and Mrs. Field
senior were then living in an old-fashioned country-house
between Leamington and Warwick. He had long been
the minister at Warwick, and also kept a highly-respect-
able school. He was known by a Life of Dr. Parr, whose
intimate friendship he enjoyed. His wife was also a very
superior woman ; I had already seen her in London. I
heard Mr. Field preach on July 21 ; his sermon was
sound and practical, opposed to metaphysical divinity.
He treated it as an idle question (he might have said,
a mischievous subtlety), whether works were to be con-
sidered as a justifying cause of salvation, or the certain
consequence of a genuine faith " (vol. hi., 178). The lady
here mentioned was Mary, daughter (by his first wife,
Elizabeth North) of William Wilkins, Baptist minister of
Bourton-on-the-Water. She was married to Mr. Field in
1803, and died in 1848, having had thirteen children,
eleven of whom survived their parents in 1851, namely:
I. Edwin Wilkins, born 1804, an eminent solicitor,
practising first in Bedford Row, and afterwards in
Lincoln's Inn Fields. His life will be given presently.
He married, first, Mary Sharpe, niece of Samuel
Rogers, the poet, and had one son named Rogers, after
this great-uncle. Mr. Field married, secondly, Letitia,
daughter of Robert Kinder of London, Esq., who died
in 1890, aged eighty-eight. She became the mother
of seven children, namely : (1) Basil, 1834, successor
to his father ; (2) Allan, 1835, married Miss Phillips,
and has five daughters ; (3) Walter, 1837, an eminent
landscape and genre painter, married Miss Cookson,
daughter of W. Strickland Cookson, solicitor, and
has seven children ; (4) Mary, 1839; (5) Grace, 184 1 ;
(6) Susan, 1843 ; (7) Emily, 1845.
II. Arthur, born 1806, died unmarried about (1845?)
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 79
III. John Hampden, born 1807; settled and married
in America.
IV. Emma, born 1809; died 1816.
V. Ferdinand Emmans, born 1810 ; a merchant in
Birmingham.
VI. Laura, born 181 1 ; married \V. Langmead of
Plymouth, and died 1879.
VII. Algernon Sidney, born 1813 ; a solicitor at
Leamington, and clerk of the peace for Warwickshire ;
married Sarah Martin, of Birmingham, and has issue
three sons and two daughters. The two daughters
both married, the latter in 1886.
VIII. Alfred, born 1814 ; merchant in New York,
where he married the daughter of another emigrant,
viz., Charlotte Errington, whose father, a native of
Yarmouth in Suffolk, left England in consequence of
failure in business. Miss Errington's mother, named
Notcutt, was descended from an old Puritan family
long known at Ipswich in Suffolk. Alfred Field had
issue one son, named Henry Cromwell, and one
daughter, named Rosa.
IX. Caroline, born 1816 ; married Reginald A.
Parker, solicitor, and has seven children.
X. Alice, born 1817.
XI. Lucy, born 1821 ; died 1822.
XII. Horace, born 1823 ; architect; married Chris-
tina, daughter of Edward White, of Glasgow, and had
two children.
XIII. Leonard, born 1824; barrister.
V. Anne, eldest daughter of John Field and Anne
Cromwell ; born 1756 ; died 1820, having married in 1787
Thomas Gwinnel, of Worcester, merchant. Mr. Gwinnel,
who died in 1818, aged sixty-eight, left fivechildren, namely :
I. Thomas Cromwell, a solicitor at Worcester ;
died 1835.
8o The House of Cromwell.
II. Anne Sophia ; married her cousin, Henry Crom-
well Field.
III. Amelia ; lived at Hastings with her cousin,
Letitia Field.
IV. Diana ; married Mr. Roberts, of Worcester.
V. Eliza ; married Patrick Johnston, of the firm of
Praed, Fane and Johnston, bankers in Fleet Street.
Their children are : (i) Patrick, a solicitor (both he
and his wife died July, 1884, and were buried at
Thames Ditton) ; (2) Janet Eliza ; (3) Henry Crom-
well, in Holy Orders (subsequently of 163, Ladbroke
Grove Road, and chaplain of Kensal Green Cemetery ;
he died 1892, aged fifty-seven) ; (4) Thomas, of
Kingston-on-Thames.
VI. Letitia, second daughter of John Field and Anne
Cromwell, became the second wife of Rev. William
Wilkins, of Bourton-on-the-Water, and had four children,
viz. :
I. William, who died young.
II. Letitia ; married William Kendall, of Bourton,
solicitor, by whom she has six children : Herbert
William, Amelia Letitia, Edmund, Agnes, Harriet,
Henry.
III. Henry Field, a solicitor at Chipping-Norton ;
married Miss Spence, of that place.
IV. Harriet, married George Tilsley, a solicitor at
Chipping-Norton.
VII., VIII., IX. Elizabeth, Sophia, Mary, three
unmarried daughters of John Field and Anne Cromwell.
Elizabeth died at Stoke Newington, 1781, aged twenty-two ;
buried at Cheshunt. Mary, who resided at Worcester,
died in 1840.
Life of Edwin Wilkins Field.
If Edwin Field was not a statesman in the popular
sense, he was the stimulating agent in bringing about
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 81
many reforms for which professed statesmen have reaped
the credit. Yet neither was he a law-reformer only ; he
was a man of unbounded sympathies, and his Cromwellian
energy was combined with versatile capacity.
Born at Learn, near Warwick, on October 12, 1804, and
educated at his father's school, he was articled, on March 19,
1821, to Taylor and Roscoe, of King's Bench Walk, in
the Temple. He was admitted attorney and solicitor in
the Michaelmas term, 1825. He joined his fellow-clerk,
William Sharpe, to form the firm of Sharpe and Field, in
Broad Street, Cheapside, but in 1835 Taylor, who was
then alone, took Sharpe and Field into partnership with
him. The office of the firm was long in Bedford Row,
but was subsequently removed to Lincoln's Inn Fields.
" I remember as if it were yesterday," says he in after-
life, " my good old father's wistful look as he left me
there. That look has stood me in fast stead many a time
since." His first action in life was to repay that father
the expenses incurred in his outsetting. The father
refused, but the pious dexterity of the son contrived to
fulfil the intention. This generous impulse was the
animus which pervaded all his subsequent schemes. His
object was to make the practice of the law square with
consciences as upright and scrupulous as his own. To
become a law-reformer was therefore with him a moral
necessity, and to see those reforms carried to a triumphant
issue was but the fair reward of one who thought it more
heroic to abolish abuses than to run away from them.
His first essays in the Legal Observer had reference to the
law respecting marriages abroad between English subjects
within the prohibited degrees. This was in 1840 ; but his
grand attack during the same year was directed against
the Court of Chancery, and the Six-Clerks and Sworn-
Clerks Office in particular. Lords Brougham and
Cottenham had begun to clear the ground, but the crisis
was not precipitated until Mr. Field led the public voice.
6
82 The House of Cromwell,
Details cannot be enlarged on here, but the judgment of
contemporaries may establish the verdict. Spence, in his
" Equity Jurisprudence," says : " To Mr. Field's exertions,
enforced by Mr. Pemberton, the Court of Chancery is in
great part indebted for the late improvements." John
Wainewright, formerly one of the sworn clerks, and now
[1879] taxing-master, says in a letter written since Mr.
Field's death that his friend was " the first person who
practically brought about this change." And Robert
Bayley Follett, also a taxing-master, says : "I always
considered the abolition of the Six-Clerks Office due to
E. W. Field."
The removal of one monster grievance ensures the fall
of many parasitical institutions. In 1844 Field was in
communication with the Board of Trade on the subject of
a winding-up Act for joint-stock companies. The Act of
1848 substantially embodied the proposals contained in a
draft Bill laid before the legal adviser of the Board of
Trade on April 27, 1846, by Field and his friend Rigge,
who had formerly been in his office. His views on the
question of legal remuneration were practically embodied
in the Act of 1870. Mr. Field had abundance of work
before him ; but success had now energized his arm and
inspired his friends with confidence. After the year 1840
there was scarcely a Royal Commission or Parliamentary
Committee on Chancery reform or general legal questions
before which he was not called upon to give evidence.
Extracts from the list of his published writings may serve
as an index to his subsequent services. Thus, in the
Westminster Review, February, 1843, we have : " Recent
and Future Law Reforms," "Judicial Procedure a Single
and Inductive Science "; in the Law Review, August, 1848,
" Comparative Anatomy of Judicial Procedure," reprinted
in the New York Evening Post. Mr. Field also wrote
papers, etc., " On the Right of the Public to form Limited-
Liability Partnerships, and on the Theory, Practice, and
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 83
Costs of Commercial Charters"; "On the Roots and
Evils of the Law " ; " Economical Considerations on the
Autocracy of the Bar, and on the System of Prescribed
Tariffs for Legal Wages." A paper was read by him at
Manchester in 1857, entitled "What should a Minister of
Justice do ?" ; one before the Metropolitan and Provincial
Law Association, held in London, 1859, on " Legal Educa-
tion and the Comparative Anatomy of Legal, Medical,
and other Professional Education"; he had also some
correspondence with C. G. Loring, the eminent American
advocate, on the present relations between Great Britain
and the United States ; and " On the Property of Married
Women," published in the Times.
Brought up among the English Presbyterians, Mr.
Field was not disposed to sit down quietly under the
partial legislation which was still enforced against
Unitarians under cover of the notorious Lady Hewley
case, and accordingly, by the Dissenters' Chapels Bill of
1844, he upset that legislation for ever. This is quickly
told, but the struggle while it lasted was arduous, and to
many appeared hopeless. Even his constant friend and
ally, Crabb Robinson, despaired of attacking entrenched
orthodoxy ; but a band of resolute men, who for many
months sat on the question de die in diem, had at length
a long conference with the Minister, Sir Robert Peel, Mr.
Field acting as spokesman. Sir Robert, though a political
opponent, promptly undertook to make it a Government
measure ; while the elaborate historical argument with
which Mr. Gladstone swayed the Commons on that
occasion was mainly furnished by Mr. Field.
It was Mr. Field's belief that few schemes would more
tend to simplify and quicken legal operations than the
concentration of all the courts of justice and offices of the
law into one building. For thirty years before the passing
of the Courts of Justice Building Act of 1865, he had
urged the measure ; and when at last a Royal Commission
84 The House of Cromwell.
was issued to obtain and approve a plan upon which the
new Courts should be built, it was natural that her Majesty
should appoint " her trusty and well-beloved Edwin Wil-
kins Field to be the secretary to the Commission." For
his arduous duties in this capacity, extending over three
years, embracing a thorough mastery of the details of the
vast fabric, preparing instructions for the competing
architects, and drawing up elaborate reports, Mr. Field
refused all remuneration. But the firm of which he was
the head were appointed by the Board of Works solicitors
for acquiring the new site ; and under his vigorous super-
intendence a very short time sufficed to clear the ground
for an architectural pile which will not be complete with-
out some artistic memorial of the enthusiastic secretary.
He was an ardent lover of Nature, and of the pictorial
renderings by which true poetry alone can apprehend her.
Much of the interest which, as a member of the Council
of University College, he took in that institution, assumed
this form, as shown in his co-operating with Henry Crabb
Robinson in the formation of the Flaxman Gallery, and
the establishment of the Slade School of Art, in all which,
as well as in the legislation which from time to time he
put into motion for the furtherance of art and its pro-
fessors, his advice and assistance were spontaneous.
" No labour," says he, " that I can ever give on this
subject will repay the obligations I am under to art and
to artists for a great deal of the pleasure of my life. I
reverence art. I look upon it as one of the divinest gifts
of our nature. Develop a love of art in every way. It
will give you new eyes wherewith to draw in and make
part of yourself the very beauty of Nature, and new, un-
dreamt-of capacities for enjoying it. It will assuredly
improve and elevate your character." Accustomed as he
was to be consulted in matters of taste, it awoke no
suspicion when Mr. T. Cobb, one of his former clerks,
asked him one day what painter he would recommend
Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 85
under the following circumstances : A number of clerks
in a London office had subscribed to get the portrait of
their master executed in the best style, and it was thought
they could not have a better adviser than Mr. Field.
After a little further explanation he replied : " Watson
Gordon is your man." " But, sir," said Cobb, " Sir
Watson paints only in Edinburgh, and we doubt whether
his sitter would consent to travel so far." " Then,"
rejoined Mr. Field, " tell the young men to drag him
there. He ought to be proud of such a request." In due
time Mr. Field was himself requested to go to Edinburgh
and sit to Sir Watson Gordon for a painting to be pre-
sented to Mrs. Field. " Congratulate me," he wrote to
Crabb Robinson. " A hundred of my old clerks have
subscribed to have my portrait painted — men I have
tyrannized over — bullied — taken the praise from, which
they really had earned — who knew every bit of humbug
in me — no sense of favours to come. Regard from such a
body is worth having." The picture is now at the family
residence at Squire's Mount, Hampstead, with the names
of the hundred subscribers displayed on the frame.
Another characteristic likeness is preserved in a picture
painted by his son Walter — a river scene, in which Mr.
Field, together with part of his family, is represented in
the enjoyment of one of his favourite pursuits — that of
boating on the Thames. It has been said of him that
" not Izaac Walton loved his favourite river more than
Mr. Field loved the Thames." Like the painter Turner,
he descried in its varied aspects suggestive material for
boundless poetry ; and in order fully to drink in its in-
fluences, he took for holiday purposes a lease of the Mill
House, Cleve, near Goring. Yet the Thames became the
disastrous scene of his death. On July 30, 1871, the boat
in which he was sailing with two of his clerks was upset
by a gale of wind. One of the party, named Ellwood, as
well as Mr. Field himself, was a swimmer ; the third who
86 The House of Cromwell.
could not swim, was the sole survivor. And all that this
survivor could recollect about the affair was that he had
at first gone down, but afterwards found himself sup-
ported by his two friends, who held on to the boat, and
were making for the shore ; that eventually Mr. Ellwood
sank, and soon afterwards Mr. Field also. Five days
later, at the Highgate Cemetery, Edwin Field was laid in
a vault next to that in which sleeps his friend Henry
Crabb Robinson. His age was sixty-seven. The above
facts are derived from " A Memorial " drawn up by his
friend Thomas Sadler, Ph.D., and published by Mac-
millan in 1872, abounding with anecdotes and details of a
highly interesting nature, but far too copious for adoption
in this place. It may also be here stated that notices of
the various members of the Field family will be found
scattered up and down the biographies of Crabb Robinson,
Serjeant Talfourd, and Charles Lamb.
J
CHAPTER VII.
JAMES, FIFTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR.
AMES, named after his maternal grandfather, Sir
James Bourchier ; was baptized January 8, 1632,
at St. John's Church in Huntingdon, where also
he was buried on the following day.
CHAPTER VIII.
BRIDGET, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF THE PROTECTOR.
BAPTIZED at St. John's Church, Huntingdon,
August 5, 1624, Bridget was married first to
Henry Ireton in 1646, and secondly to Charles
Fleetwood, probably in the early part of 1652.
Her marriage with Ireton took place just before the com-
pletion of the first Civil War, while Fairfax was investing
the city of Oxford ; and at Holton St. Bartholomew, some
six miles distant from the walls, and conjectured to have
been the General's headquarters, the marriage is thus
chronicled in the parish register : " 15 June, 1646. Henry
Ireton, Commissary-General to Sir Thomas Fairfax, and
Bridget, daughter to Oliver Cromwell, Lieutenant-General
of the Horse to the said Sir Thomas Fairfax, were married
by Mr. Dell in the Lady Whorvvood's house in Holton.
Alban Eales, rector." Dell was Fairfax's chaplain. The
ancient manor-house, which was surrounded by a moat,
was taken down in 1804, and the present mansion built
upon its site.
Henry Ireton, descended from a good family, seated at
Attenborough, co. Nottingham, born 161 1, was educated
at Oxford (Trinity College) and the Middle Temple. He
was brought up to the law, but when the civil contests
88 The House of Cromwell.
commenced, his Puritan and patriotic principles found
more congenial play in the Parliament's army, where the
inflexible character of his mind acted as a buttress and
stimulant even to that of Cromwell. Strong sympathies
early drew the men together, and during the principal
passages of the war they acted in concert. After the
King's death Ireton accompanied his father-in-law to
Ireland, and being left by him there in the capacity of
Lord-Deputy, he completed the subjugation of the natives
with rare vigour and ability. Having crowned his career
with the capture of Limerick in 1651, he was seized with
a pestilential disease, and died there, in the presence
of his brother-in-law, Henry Cromwell, sincerely lamented
by the Republicans, who revered him as a soldier, a states-
man, and a saint. He received a public funeral in West-
minster Abbey, Oliver Cromwell walking as chief mourner,
attended by several members of Parliament. The House
passed a Bill for settling an estate of £2,000 per annum on
the widow and children, a gift which had, in fact, been
offered a few months previously to Ireton himself, but
which he had nobly refused, urging that the Parliament
had many just debts which he desired they would pay
before they made any such presents. For himself, he had
no need of their land, and would be far better pleased to
see them doing the service of the nation than so liberal in
disposing of the public treasure. " And truly," adds his
friend Ludlow, " I believe he was in earnest, for as he was
always careful to husband those things that belonged to
the State to the best advantage, so was he most liberal in
employing his own purse and person in the public service "
(Ludlow's " Memoirs," i. 286).
At the Restoration of Charles II., Ireton's body, like
that of his father-in-law and of Bradshaw, was taken from
its tomb in Westminster Abbey and hung on the Tyburn
gallows. The sermon preached at his funeral in West-
minster Abbey by Dr. John Owen, February 6, 1652, con-
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 89
tains a fitting eulogium of him, and with the recital of the
dedication of that performance to Henry Cromwell his
character may be dismissed. The text was from Daniel
xii. 13 : " But go thou thy way till the end be, for thou
shalt rest and stand in thy lot at the end of the days."
(Slightly Abridged.)
" To the Honourable and my very worthy friend, Colonel
Henry Cromwell.
"Sir,
" The ensuing sermon was preached upon as sad an
occasion as on any particular account hath been given to
this nation in this our generation. It is now published
at the desire of very many who love the savour of that
perfume which is diffused with the memory of the noble
person particularly mentioned herein. It was in my
thoughts to direct it immediately to her [the widow] who
was most nearly concerned in him ; but, having observed
how near she hath been to be swallowed up of sorrow, and
with what slow progress He who took care to seal up
instruction to her soul by all dispensations hath given her
hitherto towards a conquest thereof, I was not willing to
offer a new occasion to the multitude of her perplexed
thoughts. In the meantime, sir, these lines are to you.
Your near relation to that rare example of righteousness,
faith, holiness, zeal, courage, self-denial, love to his
country, wisdom and industry, the mutual tender affec-
tion between you whilst he was living, your presence with
him in his last trial and conflict, your design of looking into
and following his steps and purpose in the work of God
and his generation, as such an accomplished pattern as
few ages have produced the like — [all these] did easily
induce me hereunto. I have nothing to express concern-
ing yourself, but only my desires that your heart may be
fixed to the Lord God of your fathers, and that in the
90 The House of Cromwell.
midst of all the temptations and opposition wherewith
your pilgrimage will be attended, you may be carried on
and established in your inward subjection to, and outward
contending for, the kingdom of the Dearly Beloved of our
souls, not fainting nor waxing weary until you also receive
your dismission to rest for your lot in the end of the days.
" Sir, your most humble and affectionate servant,
"John Owen."
Upon Ireton's death, Cromwell fixed upon Charles
Fleetwood to marry his widow. The Fleetwoods, deriving
from an ancient stock in Lancashire, had recently made
rapid progress in honours. Charles was the third son
of Sir Miles Fleetwood, of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire.
In the Civil War the family became, like many others,
divided, for while Sir William Fleetwood, of Aldwinkle,
suffered for the King, his brother Charles was in the
opposite ranks, becoming Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law
and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in England, and
both were nominated lords in his Upper House — nay, it
has always been a sort of conjectural creed with many
that Oliver designed Charles Fleetwood as successor to
himself in the Protectorate, but that the instrument or
will to that effect was not discoverable when wanted. Is
it not Lord Broghill who unhesitatingly declares that such
was the case, and that the fair spoiler who discovered and
burnt the document was one of the Protector's own
daughters ?
What sort of Protector Fleetwood would have made it
were vain to surmise. Entertaining in theory many of
the maxims of his father-in-law, he was totally wanting in
moral ascendency and personal prowess. He witnessed
the elevation of his pacific nephew, Richard Cromwell,
with impatience, and it was the factious course which he
thereupon thought fit to pursue, which drew from Henry
(then in Ireland) the memorable and oft-quoted letter,
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 9 1
exposing the folly and wickedness of using the army in
defence of any sectional form of faith.
When at last the factions of the hour had exhausted
themselves, and the return of Charles II. became inevit-
able, Fleetwood's Puritan principles and theoretic objec-
tions to the kingly office made him still hesitate to adopt
those conciliatory measures by which other prominent
agents mitigated the coming wrath.
There was one respect in which he could look back on
the late upturnings without any remorse. The part which
he had himself borne in them was marked throughout by
perfect disinterestedness. Expressing once to Henry his
unwillingness to aid out of the public purse a distant
relative whom he calls " poor Cromwell," he frankly adds :
"You in part know my estate and condition. I cannot
make an advantage of my public employments as many
have [done], or others suppose I do. Neither am I
solicitous about this business. I have sufficient cause
from experience to trust the Lord with children whom I
shall leave behind me. His blessing with a little is great
riches " (Thurloe, vii. 595).
Dr. Watts tells us, too, that his name was held in
honour among the Churches.
Not having been implicated in the trial and death of
Charles I., the penalty which overtook him was limited to
degradation and partial confiscation. He passed from
the activities of a camp to the social obscurity of a meek
Dissenter in the suburban region of Stoke Newington.
That place thus became early conspicuous as the
chosen asylum of some of the more wealthy Puritan
families ; and the fines levied there on the Fleetwoods,
Hartopps, and others of their non-conforming associates
amounted in no long time to six or seven thousand pounds.
Meanwhile, his Royalist father, Sir William, resumed his
ancient position at Court in the capacity of cup-bearer to
the restored monarch.
92 The House of Cromwell.
But it was not to Stoke Newington that Charles Fleet-
wood first fled to escape the returning torrent of royalism.
He was naturally attracted to Feltwell St. Mary, in
Norfolk, where an estate had descended to his first wife
or her heirs. This first wife was Frances, sole daughter
and eventual heiress of Thomas Smith, of Whinston, in
Norfolk, Esq., and Fleetwood's retirement to this place
may be reasonably regarded as contemporary with the
death of his second wife, Bridget Cromwell. Having
reached this point, it will be best, before proceeding
further with Fleetwood's own affairs, to conclude the
personal history of that excellent lady.
Bridget Cromwell belonged to the Puritan party par
excellence, to which result the characters of both her
husbands greatly contributed. The confederacy of Henry
Ireton, Charles Fleetwood, Edmund Ludlow, John Hutch-
inson, and their associates, most of them being Baptists,
represented the root and branch section of the anti-
monarchists. Ludlow ardently admired Bridget's first
husband, but could never be reconciled to her father ;
while Mrs. Colonel Hutchinson's memoir betrays the same
envious spirit against the entire family of the Protector,
always excepting her dear friend Bridget. " Oliver's wife
and children," says she, " were setting up for principality,
which suited no better with any of them than scarlet on
the ape. Only to speak the truth of Oliver himself, he
had much natural greatness, and well became the place he
had usurped. His daughter Fleetwood was humbled,
and not exalted with these things ; but the rest were
insolent fools."
There was no lack of cordiality between Bridget and
her father, however much her own familiar friends might
misunderstand him. She became, too, the mother of a
daughter, the renowned Mrs. Bendysh, who, more than
any other person in the succeeding generation, judged him
aright and reflected his character. Fortunately there are
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 93
sufficient materials in Oliver's correspondence to illustrate
his estimate of Bridget's piety and his care to foster it.
The first letter to be noticed was sent to her a few months
after her first marriage, and constitutes one of the choicest
gems of the Cromwellian biography. The " sister Clay-
pole " referred to was Elizabeth Cromwell, who had also
been very recently married.
" For my beloved daughter Bridget Ireton, at Cornbury
the General's Quarters.
" London, 25 October, 1646.
" Dear Daughter.
" I write not to thy husband, partly to avoid trouble,
for one line of mine begets many of his, which I doubt
makes him sit up too late ; partly because I am myself
indisposed at this time, having some other considerations.
Your friends at Ely are well. Your sister Claypole is, I
trust, in mercy exercised with some perplexed thoughts.
She sees her own vanity and carnal mind ; bewailing it.
She seeks after, as I hope also, what will satisfy. And
thus to be a seeker, is to be of the best sect next to a
finder ; and such an one shall every faithful humble seeker
be at the end. Happy seeker, happy finder ! Who ever
tasted that the Lord is gracious, without some sense of
self vanity and badness ? Who ever tasted that gracious-
ness of His, and could go less in desire, — less than pressing
after full enjoyment ? Dear heart, press on. Let not
husband, let not any thing cool thy affections after Christ.
I hope he [thy husband] will be an occasion to inflame
them. That which is best worthy of love in thy husband
is that of the image of Christ he bears. Look on that
and love it best, and all the rest for that. I pray for thee
and him. Do so for me. My service and dear affections
to the General [Fairfax] and Generaless. I hear she is
very kind to thee. It adds to all other obligations.
" I am, thy dear Father,
" Oliver Cromwell."
94 The House of Cromwell.
In the next extant letter she is addressed, not as the wife
of Ireton, but as that of Fleetwood, on her second arrival
in Ireland. It is not difficult to see that this second visit
had something depressing about it. Her first experiences
of Irish life had been in company with the gallant Ireton,
but now her heart seems to have been yearning for the
children whom we judge to have been left behind her in
England. Whatever it was, her father evidently felt that
there was need for solace and encouragement. But, first
of all, he seeks to silence her groundless anxieties, as
though she were the victim of penal discipline. "The
voice of fear," says he, " is, If I had done this, or avoided
that, how well it had been with me. (This I know hath
been her vain reasoning.) Whereas, love argueth on this
wise, What a Christ have I. — What a Father in and
through Him. — What a name hath my Father, merciful,
gracious, long suffering, abundant in goodness and truth,
forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin. What a nature
hath my Father. He is love, free in it, unchangeable,
infinite. What a Covenant between Him and Christ for
all the seed, for every one ; wherein He undertakes all,
and the poor soul nothing. And shall we seek for the
root of our comforts within ourselves ? Acts of obedience
are not perfect, and therefore yield not perfect grace.
Faith, as an act, yields it not but only as it carries us into
Him who is our perfect rest and peace, in whom we are
accounted of and received by the Father even as Christ
himself. This is our high calling. Rest we here, and here
only." He concludes by assuring her that her two children,
" the boy and Betty, are very well." The boy is Henry
Ireton ; but Betty may be either Elizabeth or Bridget.
A third letter from her father, dated two years later and
directed to Fleetwood, is in a similar strain as concerning
herself, and need not therefore be quoted. On returning
to England with her husband and the infant children born
to them in Dublin, she had to witness during the next three
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 95
years her father's death and the downfall of his family.
Amid the national confusions which prepared the way for
the Restoration, she did her utmost to sustain her husband
in some sort of consistent action, but his scrupulous con-
science proved a very intractable factor in that whirlpool
and conflict of second-rate men. Edmund Ludlow has
recorded a scene in which with tears she besought his
counsel and aid. It has been said that she disapproved
of her father's elevation to the supreme power ; and very
possibly she may in former years have entertained theo-
retical objections to such a measure, especially when she
lived in companionship with Ireton. The place of her
death is uncertain, but her burial is recorded at St. Anne's,
Blackfriars, July 1, 1662. Few, if any, of her letters
survive, except the following one which she sent back
from England to her brother Henry, when he superseded
her own husband, Fleetwood, in the government of Ireland.
Mrs. Bridget Fleetwood to Henry Cromwell, Lord-Deputy
in Ireland, date 1657 (?).
" Dear Brother,
" I am very unfit and unapt to write, and yet I
would not altogether neglect to stir up that affection
which ought to be betwixt so near relations, and is very
apt to decay. I blame none but myself. I desire rather
so to do than to lay it upon others, or to be a judge of
others. I could wish there had not been so much
occasion of the contrary, wherein my corrupt heart hath
taken advantage. I desire to be humbled for it, and not
to give way, whatever others' unkindness may be, to
weaken that love and affection which ought to be and is
the desire of my soul to defend and nourish in me towards
yourself, though it may be not much cared for. Yet,
however, I shall labour to be found in my duty, which is
to be,
" Your dear and affectionate sister,
" Bridget Fleetwood."
96 The House of Cromwell.
Abstract of the Will of General Fleetwood, recorded in the
Prerogative Court of Canterbury , J anuary 10, 1690.
" I, Charles Fleetwood of Stoke Newington in the
County of Middlesex, Esq. being through the mercy of
the Lord in health and memory, do make &c. First, I
commend my soul and spirit into the hands of my gracious
God and father through our Lord Jesus Christ by the
Holy Spirit enabling me to lay hold upon the imputed
righteousness of Christ for my justification, and in virtue
of that righteousness do I hope to stand at the great day
of the Lord. My body to be buried in the same grave or
as near as may be to my last dear wife. Debts, wages,
&c. to be paid within one year of death. To my daughter
the Lady Elizabeth Hartopp £100 as a last expression of
my thankfulness for the constant dear love and duty she
hath always manifested unto me. I give unto dear
daughter Carter £100. To my cousin Mary Waterson
£20 over and above the £"20 which my last dear wife
owed her by bond which I now direct my executor to pay.
To Anne Pace £10 for myself and £10 more which my
last wife gave her [two devises left blank, follow]. I give
to the poor distressed people of God £200 such as my
executor with two of my trustees hereafter named (Sir
John Hartopp to be one) shall think fit objects of charity.
£10 to be paid to the poor of that society with whom I
have had Christian communion in the Gospel, — as also
£6 to my antient friend James Berry Esq. and £3 to Mr.
Howard minister of the Gospel and to Mr. Thomas Taylor
minister of the Gospel at Cambridge and Mr. Pelloe
minister of the Gospel at Sudbury, and £2 to any others
that I shall name in a paper behind me. I give and
devise to Sir John Hartopp bart., Samuel Desborrow
doctor of physic, Captain John Nicholas, and Nathaniel
Gould merchant their heirs and assigns all my manor or
lordship of Burrough alias Burrough-Castle, Co. Suffolk,
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 97
in trust to pay legacies &c. and afterwards to convey the
same to my son and heir Smyth Fleetwood and his heirs
for ever. To each of my said trustees £5 for mourning.
And whereas there is a debt due to me from my son
Bendysh, my will is that my executor shall not demand
the said debt till God shall in His providence make a
comfortable provision for his wife and children. My son
Smyth Fleetwood to be sole executor — Signed 10 January
1690 — in presence of Edward Terry, Mary Waterson,
John Wealshdale. Proved by Smyth Fleetwood in
P. C. C. 2 November 1692. Registered 'Fane' 201." —
Notes and Queries, May 4, 1872.
In accordance with the above will, General Fleetwood
was buried in his wife's tomb in Bunhill Fields.
Children of the Protector's daughter Bridget by Henry Ireton,
her first husband.
I. Henry, who married Katharine, daughter of the
Right Hon. Henry Powle, Speaker of the House of
Commons in 1689 and Master of the Rolls. He became
Lieutenant-Colonel of Dragoons, and Gentleman of the
Horse to William III., but died without issue.
II. Elizabeth, born about 1647. A brief reference to
her childhood occurs in a letter sent in 165 1 by Oliver St.
John "to his kinsman Oliver Cromwell," then command-
ing in Ireland: "Tell my cousin Ireton that his wife
breeds Betty up in the Popish religion to worship images,
and that [which] she now worships teacheth her to
frown." What this playful sarcasm indicates we can
only conjecture. In 1674 she was married to Thomas
Polhill, of Otford, co. Kent, Esq.
Family of Polhill.
The issue of the marriage of Elizabeth Ireton and Mr.
Polhill consisted of three sons : (1) David, of whom pre-
7
98 The House of Cromwell.
sently ; (2) Henry, who died in his father's life-time ;
(3) Charles, a Smyrna merchant, born 1679 > died s.p.
1755, having married Martha, daughter of Thomas Streat-
feild, of Sevenoaks.
David, of Cheapstead, in Kent, born in 1675 ; M.P. for
the county, then for Bramber, and finally for Rochester,
which city he represented till he reached the age of
seventy-nine. This is the gentleman whom Daniel De
Foe memorialized as the leader of the Kentish Petitioners
of 1701, a body of five delegates who, in the reign of
William III., presented a remonstrance to the Houses
condemnatory of their subservience to the Court of
France, the other names being Thomas Colepepper,
William Colepepper, William Hamilton, and Justinian
Champneys, Esquires. For this they were committed to
the Gatehouse, and kept prisoners for a week ; but their
return into Kent resembled the march of conquerors.
Polhill was met at Blackheath by five hundred horsemen,
and escorted to his house at Otford ; the other four were
met at Rochester by nearly half the county, and from
thence on to Maidstone, where flowers were strewn in
their path, and all the church bells set a-ringing. A con-
temporary print is preserved in the Polhill family contain-
ing the portraits of the five patriots.
Mr. Polhill was thrice married — first to Elizabeth
Trevor ; secondly, to Gertrude, sister of Thomas Hollis,
Duke of Newcastle ; and, thirdly, to Elizabeth, daughter
of John Borrett, of Shoreham ; the last became the
mother of four sons and one daughter. In these sons
and daughters were united not only the blood of Oliver
Cromwell and Henry Ireton, but also that of the patriot,
John Hampden, for Elizabeth Borrett's mother was the
daughter of Sir John Trevor, of Denbighshire, by Ruth,
eldest daughter of John Hampden. The names of these
children were Charles, Thomas, Henry, John, and Eliza-
beth, all of whom died unmarried exceot
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 99
Charles, of Cheapstead, and afterwards of Otford ;
married, first, Tryphena Penelope, daughter of Sir John
Shelley, of Mitchel Grove, Sussex, bart., and by her
had one daughter, Tryphena Penelope, who married
George Stafford, and had two sons, Charles and Thomas
George. Mr. Polhill by his second wife, Patience Has-
well, had seven children : George, his successor ; Charles,
who died unmarried ; David, died in infancy ; Patience,
unmarried ; a second David, unmarried ; Thomas Alfred,
lost in the South Seas from the Guardian (Captain Rion) ;
Francis, Comptroller of the Customs at Monserrat, in the
West Indies, died 1839. Mr. Polhill died in 1805, and
was succeeded by his eldest son,
George, who married Mary, daughter of Robert
Porteus, and grand-niece of Dr. Beilby Porteus, Bishop of
London, and died in 1839. Their children were :
(1) Charles, who married Sarah Marshall, and had two
daughters, Beatrice Mary, born 1867, married, 1888, to
Alfred George Streatfield Beadnell, and has one son,
Montgomery Polhill Beadnell, and Elizabeth Mary, born
1868, married, 1890, to Robert Brownell Dobble, has issue
one daughter, Sybil Mary ; (2) Mary Elizabeth Campbell,
died 1884 ; (3) Frederick Campbell, of Sundridge, Seven-
oaks, curate of Hever, which post he resigned in 1850 ;
(4) George, died in 1892 ; (5) Henry Western Onslow,
rector of Ashurst, Kent, married to Miss Frances Charlotte
Streatfield. The seat of the Polhills contains a valuable
collection of the portraits of their illustrious ancestry,
including many full lengths.
III. — Jane, second daughter of Bridget Cromwell and
Henry Ireton ; born about 1648 ; married, 1668, Richard
Lloyd, of St. James's, Duke's Place, Esq., widower, and
had an only child, Jane, wife in 1710 of Nicholas (or
Henry) Morse, Esq. Issue of this marriage were four
sons : David, Henry, Nicholas, Daniel. There were also
three daughters : Elizabeth, Jane, and Anne, of whom
IOO
The House of Cromwell.
the eldest married Mr. Oyle, a physician, and became the
mother of Elizabeth, married to Samuel Codrington ;
Jane, the second daughter, became Mrs. Burroughs ; and
Anne, the youngest daughter, became Mrs. Roberts.
After the death of Richard Lloyd, his widow (Jane
aforesaid) married Mr. William Barnard. The descendants
of this marriage are set out below :
William Barnard, of Penning-
ton and Longthorpe, colonel ;
b. 1634; m. 1680; d. 1709;
bur. at Pennington.
;Jane, relict of Richard Lloyd,
and dau. of Henry Ireton, by
Bridget, eldest dau. of Oliver
Cromwell.
William Barnard, b. 1685 ;=
d. 1775 ; bur. at Great El-
lingham, Norfolk.
William Barnard, b. at Rock-
land, Norfolk, 1 709; d. Sept.,
1788; bur. at Old Meeting,
Norwich.
;Mary, dau. and heir of Jas. Corsbie, of
the family of Corsbie, of Corsbie Castle,
Berwickshire ; b. at Ashwellthorpe,
1714; d. 21 May, 1801 ; bur. at Old
Meeting, Norwich.
Thomas Barnard, b. 18 Dec.,=j=Ann, youngest dau. and co-heir of
1757 ; mar. at Sudbury, May,
1789; d. 1 April, 1833.
Samuel and Deborah Stott, of St.
Edmundsbury, Suffolk ; b. 10 Mar.,
1758 ; d. 11 Nov., 1811.
Alfred Barnard, b. 14 Feb. ,=j=Frances Katherine, eldest dau. and co-heir of
1793; mar. 10 Nov., 1817 ;
d. 4 July, 1835 ; bur. at Octa-
gon Chapel, Norwich.
Francis Smith, of Norwich (descendant of
Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-
Hull), and Sarah (Marsh) ; b. 7 May, 1796 ;
d. 20 Jan., 1869 ; bur. in the Rosary, Norwich.
Alfred Francis Barnard, b. at Norwich,1
4 Jan., 1821 ; mar. in London, 5 Jan.,
1854; d. in London, 14 Sept., 1894;
bur. at Highgate Cemetery.
:Mary Hog, eldest dau. of Thos. Cal-
vert Girtin and Rachel (Haward), and
grand-dau. of Thomas Girtin, the
water-colour painter ; b. 20 Jan.,
1829.
Francis Pierrepont Barnard, son and heir, of=Eliza Smith, eldest dau. and
St. Mary's Abbey, Windermere ; M.A. Oxon ; co-heir of William Pollard,
some time headmaster of Reading School, J. P., of St. Mary's Abbey,
Berks; b. 27 Nov. 1854; mar. at Winder- Windermere,
mere, 15 April, 1884.
Touching the four sons of Mr. Morse aforesaid, nothing
seems recoverable unless we make an exception in favour
of the third named, and regard him as the Nicholas Morse
who was Governor of Madras in the middle of the last
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 101
century, and whose daughter, Amelia, married Henry
Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, and father of Nicholas,
the first Lord Bexley. It may suffice to add that the
claim which the Vansittart family have long asserted,
touching their descent from the Protector through Henry
Ireton and Nicholas Morse, has every right to be accepted
as legitimate, the only difficulty in the way being that
Mark Noble gives " Moore " instead of " Morse " as
the name of Jane Lloyd's husband. That this is an
error, occasioned by the resemblance of the two words in
manuscript, hardly admits of a doubt. It is also to be
noted that the lady who about the same time, viz., in
1771, became the wife of the last Oliver Cromwell, Esq.,
was named Mary Morse, indicative at least of friendly
relations existing between families so named.
Amelia Morse, the wife of Governor Henry Vansittart
aforesaid, died in 1818 at her house on Blackheath, aged
eighty. Her husband had long been dead, having perished
at a comparatively early age on his passage to India in the
A urora frigate.
Nicholas Vansittart, Baron Bexley, was the second
son of Henry Vansittart, the Governor of Bengal. Lord
Bexley was born in 1766, four years before his father's
death at sea. In 17S4 he went to Christchurch, Oxford,
and in 1791 was called to the Bar in Lincoln's Inn. He
entered the House as member for Hastings, and in 1801
was entrusted with a special mission to Copenhagen. The
Danes, overawed by Napoleon, refused at that time to
entertain an English ambassador, and on returning home,
Mr. Vansittart became joint Secretary of the Treasury,
which office he held till the Addington Ministry resigned
in 1804. Under Lord Liverpool he became Chancellor of
the Exchequer in 1812, and held the post for twenty-one
years. In 1823 he obtained his peerage and a seat in the
Cabinet, and took little share afterwards in public affairs,
dying in 1851, at the age of eighty-five, at his residence of
102 The House of Cromwell.
Footscray, near Bexley, in Kent. He married in 1806 the
Hon. Katharine Isabella Eden, second daughter of William,
first Lord Auckland ; but by her, who died four years after-
wards, he left no issue, whereupon the barony of Bexley be-
came extinct, and a pension of £3,000 lapsed to the Crown.
IV. — Bridget, third daughter of Bridget Cromwell and
Henry Ireton ; born about the year 1650. The biography
of this lady, as heretofore given, simply consists of three
different sketches, supplied respectively by Samuel Say, a
Dissenting minister, by Dr. J. Brooke, and by her relation,
Mr. Hewling Luson. In the following version an attempt
has been made to impart greater completeness to the account
by blending these three narratives. Bridget, together with
one or two others of the family, appears to have been left
under the care of their grandmother, the Protectress,
when their own mother went to Ireland with her second
husband, Fleetwood, in 1652. Her grandfather's death
occurred before she was ten years of age ; that of her
mother followed four years later ; so that she must have
had an unquiet time of it before she settled down with her
sisters beneath the roof of their step-father, Fleetwood,
in the nonconforming atmosphere of Stoke Newington.
Here she passed four or five years of her life, till her
marriage in 1669 with Thomas Bendysh, of Gray's Inn
and of Southtown, Yarmouth, Esq., a distant relative of
Sir Thomas Bendysh, who had served as Ambassador to
Turkey both from Charles I. and from the Protector
Oliver. Soon after her marriage she settled at South-
town, near Yarmouth, where her husband owned farms
and salt-mines. It would be highly interesting, were the
materials extant, to trace the early married life of this
excellent lady.
Samuel Say, the earliest of Mrs. Bendysh's biographers,
had many opportunities of knowing her intimately, for he
had not only been pastor of a church in the neighbouring
town of Ipswich, but he married a relative of Mr. Carter,
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protectoi'. 103
of Yarmouth, the husband of Mary Fleetwood ; moreover,
he had been a fellow-student with Dr. Watts. Here is his
description of her personal appearance :
"As Mrs. Bendysh in the features of her face exactly
resembled the best picture of her grandfather Oliver which
I have ever seen, and which is now at Rosehall, in the
possession of Sir Robert Rich, so she seems also as exactly
to resemble him in the cast of her mind — a person of great
presence and majesty, heroic courage and indefatigable
industry, and with something in her countenance and
manner that at once attracts and commands respect the
moment she appears in company."
Dr. J. Brooke, of Norwich, another of her biographers,
whose testimony is of a later date, remarks : "There was
something in her person when she was dressed and in
company that could not fail of attracting at once the
notice and respect of any strangers that entered the room
wherever she was, though the company were ever so
numerous, and though many of them might be more
splendid in their appearance. Splendid, indeed, she never
was, her highest dress being a plain silk ; but it was
usually of the richest sort, though, as far as I can remem-
ber, of what is called a quakers colour ; and she wore
besides a kind of black silk hood or scarf that I rarely, if
ever, observed to be worn by ladies of her time ; and
though hoops were in fashion long before her death,
nothing, I suppose, could have induced her to wear one.
I can so far recollect her countenance as to confirm what
is observed by Mr. Say of her likeness to the best pictures
of Oliver ; and she no less resembled him in the qualities
of enterprise, resolution, courage, and enthusiasm."
The narrative of Mr. Hewling Luson, the third of her
biographers, who, like Dr. Brooke, knew her only in
advanced life, presents us with a similar picture. Luson's
mother was a younger sister of Hannah Hewling (Mrs.
Henry Cromwell), and the sympathy which Mrs. Bendysh
104 The House of Cromwell.
felt for the fate of her brothers fully accounts for the
frequency of her visits to the elder Mr. Luson's house.
"I was young," says Hewling Luson — "not more than
sixteen — when Mrs. Bendysh died, yet she came so often
to my father's house that I remember her person, her
dress, her manner, and her conversation, which were all
strikingly peculiar, with great precision, and I have heard
much more of her than I have seen. She was certainly,
both without and within, in her person and in her spirit,
exactly like her grandfather, the Protector. Her features,
the turn of her face, and the expression of her counten-
ance, all agree very exactly with the excellent pictures I
have seen of the Protector in the Cromwell family ; and
whoever looks upon the print prefixed to the octavo ' Life
of Cromwell,' said to be published by the late Bishop
Gibson about the year 1725, which exactly agrees with
these pictures, will have a clear idea of Mrs. Bendysh's
person, if their imaginations can add a female dress, a
few years in age, and a very little softening of the features.
I refer to that print because the fine engraving of Crom-
well in the Houbraken Collection bears very little resem-
blance to the pictures in the Cromwell family, and no
resemblance at all to Mrs. Bendysh. . . . She had strong
and masculine sense, a free and spirited elocution, much
knowledge of the world, great dignity in her manner, and
a most engaging address. The place of her residence was
called the Salt Pans [near Yarmouth]. In this place,
which is quite open to the road, I have often seen her in
the morning, stumping about with an old straw hat on
her head, her hair about her ears, without stays, and
when it was cold an old blanket about her shoulders and
a staff in her hands — in a word, exactly accoutred to
mount the stage as a witch in ' Macbeth.' Yet if at such a
time she were accosted by any person of rank or breeding,
the dignity of her manner and politeness of style, which
nothing could efface, would instantly break through the
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 105
veil of debasement which concealed her native grandeur,
and a stranger to her customs might become astonished
to find himself addressed by a princess while he was look-
ing at a mumper. Mrs. Bendysh resembled the Protector
in nothing more than in that restless, unabated activity of
spirit, which, by the coincidence of a thousand favourable
circumstances, conducted him to the summit of power
and of fame, but entangled her, generally unfavoured by
success, in a thousand embarrassments and disgraces.
Yet she never fainted, nor was wear)'. One prospect lost,
another still she gained, and the enthusiasm of her faith
kept pace with, or, to speak more truly, far outran the
activity of her mind. . . . She had one constant, never-
failing resource against the vexation of disappointments,
for as she determined, at all events, to serve the Lord
with gladness, her way was to rejoice at everything as it
arrived. If she succeeded, she was thankful for that ;
and if she suffered adversity, which was generally her lot,
she was vastly more thankful for that, and she so managed
that her spiritual joys always encreased with her outward
sufferings. . . . Mrs. Bendysh's religion was in the
highest strain of Calvinistic enthusiasm, and Dr. Owen
in his writings was her spiritual guide. She no more
doubted the validity of her election to the kingdom of
heaven than Squire Wilkes doubts the validity of his for
the county of Middlesex. But her enthusiasm never
carried her to greater lengths of extravagance than in
the justification of her grandfather, of whose memory
she was passionately fond. It, however, unfortunately
happened that her fancy led her to defend him exactly in
that part of his character which was least defensible.
She valued him, no doubt, very highly as a General and
politician, but she had got it fixed in her head that this
kind of fame was vain and worthless when compared with
the greater glory of his saintship. . . . Now, it could
not but happen that for five hundred who might be pre-
106 The House of Cromwell.
vailed with to receive Oliver as a great General, not five
could be found who would admit him to be a great saint,
and this constant kicking against Oliver's saintship
wrought the good lady sore travail."
" This extraordinary woman," says Dr. Brooke, "wanted
only to have acted in a superior sphere to be ranked by
historians among the most admirable heroines. . . . She
lived through what the Dissenters but too justly called
the troublous times, when the penal laws against con-
venticles were strained to their utmost rigour. The
preaching of this sect was then held in the closest con-
cealment, and the preachers went in momentary danger
of being dragged out by spies and informers to heavy
fines and severe imprisonment. With these spies and in-
formers she maintained a perpetual war. This kind of
bustle was in all respects in the true taste of her spirit.
I have heard many stories of her dealings with these un-
gracious people. Sometimes she circumvented and out-
witted them, and sometimes she bullied them, and the
event generally was that she got the poor parson out of
their clutches. Upon these occasions and upon all others
when they could express their attachment to her, Mrs.
Bendysh was sure of the common people. She was, as
she deserved to be, very dear to them. When she had
money, she gave it freely to such as wanted ; and when
she had none, which was pretty often the case, they
were sure of receiving civility and commiseration. She
practised an exalted humanity. If in the meanest sick-
room she found the sufferer insufficiently attended, she
turned attendant herself, and would sit hours in the
poorest chamber to administer support or consolation to
the afflicted. In this noble employment she passed much
of her time." She was in the secret of the Revolution of
1688, and would go into shops in different parts of the
town under pretence of cheapening silks or other goods,
and on coming out to her coach take occasion to drop
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 107
bundles of papers to prepare the minds of the people for
that happy event, for she might safely be trusted with
any secret, were it ever so important. After the accession
of William and Mary, she was presented to the Queen by
Archbishop Tillotson with a view to the settlement of a pen-
sion, to enable her to support in some creditable measure
the dignity which she had tasted in early days ; but the
death of both prelate and Queen defeated that design.
Mrs. Bendysh's husband had died on April 27, 1707,
and was buried in St. Nicholas Church, Yarmouth, where
she erected a monument to his memory. She survived
him twenty-two years, dying in 1729 at the age of eighty.
She was buried at Yarmouth, having had two sons and
one daughter, viz. :
1. Thomas, who died in the West Indies. His first
wife was the mother of his only son, Ireton, a young man
of great promise, whose early death was much lamented.
His second wife was Katharine Smith, of Colskirk, near
Fakenham, a lady of property ; but extravagant habits
darkened their remaining history. The fate of this family
was no doubt one of the sorrows of old Mrs. Bendysh.
2. Bridget, lived and died at the paternal seat of
Southtown. She died at Yarmouth, unmarried, in 1736,
aged sixty-four.
3. Henry, of Bedford Row, London, where he died in
1740 ; married Martha Shute, sister of the first Viscount
Harrington, and had (1) Henry, of Chingford, and of the
Salt-pans at Southtown, died unmarried in 1753, when
the name of Bendysh became extinct in this branch of the
family ; (2) Mary, married to William Berners, of whom
presently; (3) Elizabeth, married, 1756^0 John Hagar, of
Waresley Park, son of Admiral Hagar.
Family of Berners.
Mary, grand-daughter of Bridget Bendysh, and William
Berners her husband both died in 1783. Their surviving
108 The House of Cromwell.
children were : (i) Charles, of whom presently ; (2) Henry,
rector of Hambledon, near Henley-on-Thames, had one
child (Emma) by his wife, Elizabeth Weston.
Charles, born 1740 ; married Katharine, daughter of
John Laroche, of Egham, M.P. for Bodmin, and had
issue :
(1) Charles, his heir, who, dying unmarried in 1831,
was succeeded by his brother ; (2) Henry Denny ;
(3) William, a London banker, married Rachel Jarrett,
of Freemantle, in Hampshire, and had William, a
captain in the horse artillery, Henry, married to
Miss Saunders, and Arthur ; (4) Martha, married to
Herbert Newton Jarrett, of Jamaica, Esq., and
died 1831.
Mr. Charles Berners, died 1S15, and was succeeded,
first by his son Charles, secondly by his second son,
Rev. Henry Denny Berners, LL.B., Archdeacon of
Suffolk. By his wife Dinah, daughter of John Jarret,
Esq., he had issue : (1) John, born 1800, died s.p. ;
(2) Hugh, born 1801, Captain R.N., married, 1832, Julia,
daughter of John Ashton, of the Grange, Cheshire, died
at Wolverstone, in Suffolk, in 1891, aged eighty-nine ; he
had a son and three daughters ; (3) Ralph, born 1803,
rector of Harkstead and Erwarton, in Suffolk, married,
1831, Eliza, daughter of Sir Cornelius Cuyler, of Welwyn,
bart., and had three sons and two daughters ; (4) Alice,
died unmarried, 1820.
Children of Bridget Cromwell by her second husband,
Charles Fleetwood.
By Bridget Cromwell, Fleetwood was the father of
I. Cromwell Fleetwood, born about 1653 ; married
in 1679 to Elizabeth Nevill, of Little Berkhampstead,
Hertfordshire ; administration of his goods was granted
September 20, 1688. He seems to have died without issue.
Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 109
II. Anne Nancy Fleetwood, buried in Westminster
Abbey before 1659, and exhumed at the Restoration.
III. Mary, who married Nathaniel Carter, of Yarmouth,
February 21, 1678; died without issue; and several other
children, most of whom died young, and none of whom
left issue.
Of the remaining children may be : (1) Charles, buried
at Stoke Newington in 1676 ; (2) Bridget, buried at Stoke
Newington in 16S1 ; (3) Ellen, buried at Stoke Newington
in 1731. The authority for the above consists in various
allusions to children or approaching births occurring in
letters passing between the Protector, Thurloe, and Fleet-
wood, compared with entries in the Stoke Newington
registers. Fleetwood's will throws no light upon the
subject ; and another difficulty arises from the fact that
the Misses Cromwell, of Hampstead, whose knowledge of
the family may be supposed to have been complete, took
no notice in their pedigrees of any issue of Fleetwood's
marriage with Bridget Cromwell.
CHAPTER IX.
ELIZABETH, THE PROTECTOR'S SECOND DAUGHTER.
BORN at Huntingdon on July 2, 1629, Elizabeth
married in 1646 John Claypoole, eldest son and
heir of John Claypoole, of Northborough, or
Norborough, near Market Deeping. The father
had fallen under the displeasure of the Court for contu-
macy in respect of ship-money, a circumstance sufficient to
account for that personal intimacy with Oliver Cromwell
which issued in the marriage aforesaid, and in Cromwell's
creating John Claypoole, senior, a baronet, July 16, 1657.
Under the Protectorate, the younger Claypoole became
Master of the Horse, with other positions of emolument,
besides obtaining a seat in Oliver's Upper House. At the
Restoration, having taken no hostile action against the
King's party, he was permitted, not without molestation,
to retire into private life. His death occurred on June 26,
1688, at which time he was of the Middle Temple,
London.
Elizabeth Cromwell was her father's favourite daughter,
and, judging by the portraits taken at different periods of
her life, must have been very attractive in person. The
narrator of Sir James Harrington's recovery of his manu-
script of " Oceana," which had been seized by the Pro-
tector's orders, states that Sir James determined to make
Elizabeth, the Protector s Second Daughter. 1 1 1
his application through the Lady Claypoole, " because she
acted the part of a princess very naturally, obliging all
persons with her civility, and frequently interceding for
the miserable." This is the lady who has so often been
made to figure in pictures by artists of the royalist school,
who represent her, during her last illness, as upbraiding
her father for the part he had taken against the King,
representations which may safely be dismissed.
The Protector's parental anxiety has been already
witnessed in the letter written to her elder sister, Bridget,
in 1646. Five years later, when she was living with her
husband at Norborough House,* and had apparently just
recovered from the perils of childbirth, Oliver, writing from
Edinburgh to her mother, says : " Mind poor Betty of the
Lord's great mercy. Oh, I desire her not only to seek the
Lord in her necessity, but in deed and in truth to turn to
the Lord, and to keep close to Him, and to take heed of a
departing heart and of being cozened with worldly vanities
and worldly company, which I doubt she is too subject to.
I earnestly and frequently pray for her and for him. Truly
they are very dear to me — very dear, and I am in fear lest
Satan should deceive them, knowing how weak our hearts
are, and how subtle the adversary is, and what way the
deceitfulness of our hearts and the vain world make for his
temptations. The Lord give them truth of heart to Him.
Let them seek Him in truth, and they shall find Him.
My love to the dear little ones. I pray for grace for
them. I thank them for their letters ; let me have them
often."
Four years subsequently another domestic episode en-
gaged the parents' sympathy. The following scraps of
intelligence, pointing apparently to the birth at Whitehall
of her fourth and last child, will sufficiently tell the tale.
* There was long a tradition at Norborough House that Oliver was fond of
spending his Christmas there. The Protectress seems to have had a similar
attachment to the spot ; it was there that she spent the evening of her days.
1 1 2 The House of Cromwell.
" My lady Elizabeth continues ill, but we hope mending.
Her Highness [the Protectress] is recovered. It was grief
[which brought her down], but now his Highness and she
rest well. ... I never saw two parents so affected e'er
now as my Lord Protector and her Highness." Fleet-
wood writes: "The illness of my sister Claypoole is so
very great that both their Highnesses are under a great
trial. You know the dearness they have unto her ; and
though we know not how the Lord will deal with her, yet
her recovery is much doubted. This afternoon hath given
very great cause of fear " ; but he adds in a postscript :
" Since the writing hereof my sister Claypoole is fallen
into travail, and so her condition is very hopeful."
She did, in fact, survive the trial, but never seems to
have recovered robust health. During the next year she
joined her two unmarried sisters, Mary and Frances, at
Hampton Court, and appears to have resided there for
the remaining two years of her life. The following letter,
dated a few weeks before her death, and presumably the
last she ever wrote, is addressed to her sister-in-law,
Henry Cromwell's wife. It contains a reference to the
latest plots against her father's life :
Lady Elizabeth Claypoole to Lady Elizabeth Cromwell.
June 12, 1658.
" Dear Sister,
" I must beg your pardon that I do not write to
you so oft as I would do ; but in earnest I have been so
extreem sickly of late that it has made me unfit for any-
thing ; though there is nothing that can please me more
than wherein I may express my true love and respect to
you, which I am sure none has more reason than myself,
both for your former favours and the sense you have of
any thing which arises to me of happiness. I will assure
you, nothing of that can be to me wherein I have not a
power to express how really I love and honour you. Truly
Elizabeth, the Protector s Second Daughter. 113
the Lord has been very gracious to us, in doing for us
above what we could expect ; and now has shewed Him-
self more extraordinary in delivering my father out of the
hands of his enemies ; which we have all reason to be
sensible of, in a very particular manner; for certainly not
only his family would have been ruined, but in all proba-
bility the whole nation would have been involved in blood.
The Lord grant it may never be forgotten by us, but that
it may cause us to depend upon Him from whom we have
received all good, and that it may cause us to see the
mutableness of these things, and to use them accordingly :
I am sure we have need to beg that spirit from God.
Harry is very well : I hope you will see him this summer.
Truly there is nothing I desire more than to enjoy you
with us ; and I wish that you may [lie-in] here. I beg
my true affection to your little ones.
" Dear Sister, I am,
" Your most affectionate sister and servant,
" Elizabeth Claypoole."
Every testimony which we possess of a direct or
personal kind shows her to have been loyal to the cause
of her father. Attempts have been made to prove her
sympathy with Dr. Hewitt and other episcopalian plotters,
and an infamous letter to that effect has even been fabri-
cated in her name ; but her own words negative the
insinuation.
She died on August 6, just four weeks before her father.
After lying in state in the Painted Chamber, she was
carried in pompous procession on the night of August 10,
1658, to a new vault in Henry VII.'s chapel, her aunt
Robina (Mrs. Wilkins) walking as chief mourner.
Horace Walpole says : " Lord Pelham has a small
three-quarters of Mrs. Claypoole, on which is written
M. Ritus fee. It is an emblematic piece, the allegorv of
which is very obscure, but highly finished." M. Ritus
8
1 1 4 The House of Cromwell.
stands for Michael Wright, a Scots painter. Lord Pelham
probably acquired this relic through his wife, Anne Frank-
land, the great-grand-daughter of Frances Cromwell.
The children of Elizabeth Cromwell and John Claypoole
were three sons and one daughter :
I. Cromwell, born about 1647, to whom his father
resigned his manor of Norborough with appendages. He
died a bachelor in 1678, and was buried in the chancel of
Norborough Church, according to his express direction,
as near to the body of his grandmother, the Protectress,
as convenience would admit. The family relics at his
disposal he left to his cousins, having no surviving brother
or sister directly descended, but only a half-sister. His
will may be read in extenso in Mark Noble's "Memoirs of
the Protectoral House of Cromwell."
II. Henry, went, as is supposed, into the army, and
pre-deceased his brother.
III. Oliver, died young, June, 1658, during the last
illness of his mother, a circumstance which precipitated
her own dissolution.
IV. Martha, died young and unmarried, January, 1664;
buried in Norborough Church 1664.
It will thus be seen that with the death of Mr. Cromwell
Claypoole in 1678 this branch of the Protector's family
dies out. True it is that ever and anon persons of the
name of Claypoole or Claypole are found cropping up to
claim descent through that channel. But descent from
John Claypoole is not enough, since he married a second
time. Claypooles inheriting the blood of Cromwell through
the Lady Elizabeth are no longer in existence.
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CHAPTER X.
MARY, THE PROTECTOR'S THIRD DAUGHTER.
BORN at Ely, Mary was christened at Huntingdon
on February 9, 1637. It is believed that when
only seventeen years of age she had to encounter
the matrimonial proposals of Sir Anthony Ashley
Cooper, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury. Edmund Ludlow
is our principal authority for the statement, which occurs
among the suppressed passages in his " Memoirs," a
work from which everything reflecting injuriously on the
character or career of Shaftesbury was cut out previous
to publication. " Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, who was
first for the King, then for the Parliament, then in Crom-
well's first assembly for the Reformation, and afterwards
for Cromwell against the Reformation ; now being denied
Cromwell's daughter, Mary, in marriage, he appears against
Cromwell's design in the last assembly, and is therefore
dismissed the Council, Cromwell being resolved to act
there as the chief juggler himself." Oldmixon and
Anthony a Wood sustain this testimony, though neither
of them gives the name of Mary. Cromwell must have
thought favourably of him when he summoned him to
join his first Convention ; since then he had probably read
him down. But whatever was the cause of alienation, the
matrimonial suit appears to have miscarried suddenly and
1 1 6 The House of Cromwell.
entirely. Perhaps the young lady herself entertained
personal objections to one who had already had two
wives, and was nearly twice her own age. Mr. Christie,
the modern editor of the Shaftesbury papers, throws doubt
on the whole transaction.
The next suitor was Sir Edward Mansfield, of Wales, of
whom next to nothing is recorded. Fleetwood, in a letter
to Henry Cromwell, preserved in the Lansdowne MSS. 821,
" hopes he may be worthy of so deserving a lady "; which
perhaps means he hopes Sir Edward will not get her. The
claims of the Welsh knight, whoever he was, quickly paled
before the advances of a more dashing aspirant in the person
of Thomas Bellasyse, Viscount Fauconberg, who was just
then returning from foreign travel.
Lord Fauconberg, who was about twenty-nine years of
age, was also, like Mary Cromwell's first lover, a widower,
but he was the representative of an illustrious family
holding large estates in Durham, Yorkshire, and Lancashire,
to which, as also to the title, he had recently succeeded
upon the death of his grandfather Thomas, the first
Viscount Fauconberg. Sir Richard Bellasyse, the Knight
of Durham, had served on the committee acting in the
Parliament's behalf for that county ; but, with almost this
sole exception, the entire family had been avowed Royalists
during the war, and Oliver no doubt felt that union with
the new lord would tend to conciliate an important section
of aristocratic malcontents. Seconded, therefore, by the
Protectoral policy, the young man's ambition found little
or no obstacle in his path. He commenced his suit when
passing through Paris from Italy, in the spring of 1657, by
enlisting the services of Sir William Lockhart, the English
ambassador in the Court of Louis XIV., in whom he found
an ally who was not only the husband of one of Oliver's
nieces, but a statesman whose diplomatic career reflected
more credit on the Protestant Protector's name than any
other of his Continental representatives. And so well did
Mary, the Protector s Third Daughter. 1 1 7
the ambassador plead the suitor's cause with Mr. Secretary
Thurloe, vindicating him from the charge of supposed
Romanist proclivities, and enlarging on his personal en-
dowments, and on his attachment to the actual form of
government, that the young lord's arrival in England and
presentation at Court was speedily followed by his nuptials,
which took place at Hampton Court with great pomp and
magnificence on November 19, 1657. The public ceremony
was performed according to the simple ritual then in use
among the Puritans ; but before the day was over, by
general consent, the marriage contract was repeated in the
Anglican form. Andrew Marvell thereupon composed
a pastoral eclogue, and the news-writers did their best to
follow in fancy's train and snatch a ray from Parnassus.
Her brother Henry, whose duties kept him in Ireland,
seems to have been the only absent member of the family.
Lord and Lady Fauconberg immediately after the mar-
riage interchanged letters with him and his wife, full of
cordial salutations, which may be read in Thurloe. Of
this marriage there was no surviving issue. The following
letter, written by the husband only three months after-
wards, will explain itself:
Lord Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell, Lord Deputy of
Ireland.
" Whitehall,
"February 26, 1658.
"My Lord,
" This place is at present so distracted with the
death of my brother Rich. — especially my dame, whose
present condition makes it more dangerous to her than the
rest — that I must humbly beg your lordship's pardon if in
short I only tell you that Major-General Packer, four
Captains, and the Captain Lieutenant, after an obstinate
persisting, even to his Highness's face, in their dislike of
his government, were this week cashiered.
" My lord, I am just now called to my poor wife's
n8 The House of Cromwell.
succour ; therefore I must humbly entreat of your lordship
leave to subscribe myself, sooner than I intended, My
lord,
" Your lordship's most faithful, humble servant,
" Fauconberg."
Henry Cromwell, in reply, says :
" I hope your lordship's being called to succour my dear
sister, your lady, tends but to repair our family of the late
loss it hath sustained ; and I hope that the sad appre-
hensions occasioned by this late stroke will not frustrate
our hopes therein."
The first form in which the Protector proceeded to
utilize the new connection was by sending his son-in-law
on a mission of congratulation to the French Court on the
successes of Louis's arms against the Spaniards in co-
operation with " the Six Thousand " sent from England.
During his tour in the northern counties of England, on
his return from France, the Earl was accompanied by his
youthful bride. All contemporaries agree in attributing a
large share of beauty to Lady Fauconberg, a testimony
which is fully borne out by the extant portraits of her.
The return south of the Earl and Countess is thus
chronicled by a weekly newspaper (Mercurius Politicus) :
" Hampton Court, 30 July. This evening here arrived the
most noble lord the Lord Fauconberg, with his most
illustrious lady, the Lady Mary ; being safe returned out
of the North, where, in all places of their journey, and
particularly at York, the people of those parts made so
large expression of their duty, in the honours done to the
person and virtues of this most religious lady, and of their
extraordinary affection towards this meritorious lord, as
abundantly manifested what a high esteem his noble
qualities have purchased him in his own as well as in other
counties."
Only a few weeks later Fauconberg thus announces the
death of the first Protector to his brother-in-law Henry :
Mary, the Protectors Third Daughter. 119
Lord Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell.
" Whitehall,
"September 7, 1658.
" Dear my Lord,
"This bearer Mr. Underwood brings your lord-
ship the sad news of our general loss in your incom-
parable father's death, by which these poor nations are
deprived of the greatest personage and instrument of
happiness that not only our own, but indeed any age else,
ever produced. The preceding night and not before, in
presence of four or five of the Council, he declared my lord
Richard his successor. The next morning he grew speech-
less, and departed betwixt three and four in the evening.
A hard dispensation it was, but so has it seemed good to
the all-wise God. And what remains to poor creatures
but to lay our hands upon our mouth to the declaration of
His pleasure ? Some three hours after his decease (a time
spent only in framing the draft, not in any doubtful dis-
pute) was your lordship's brother, his now Highness,
declared Protector of these nations with full consent of
council, soldier and city. The next day he was proclaimed
in the usual places. All the time his late Highness was
drawing on to his end, the consternation and astonishment
of people is unexpressible. Their hearts seemed as sunk
within them. And if thus abroad in the family, your lord-
ship may imagine how it was with her Highness and other
near relations. My poor wife, I know not what in the
Earth to do with her. When seemingly quieted, she
bursts out again into passion that tears her very heart in
pieces ; nor can I blame her, considering what she has
lost. It fares little better with others. God, I trust, will
sanctify this bitter cup to us all. His mercy is extra-
ordinary as to the quiet face of things amongst us ; which
I hope the Lord will continue.
" I am, Your lordship's most affectionately faithful
and very humble servant,
" Fauconberg."
120 The House of Cromwell.
Lord Fauconberg facilitated the restoration of royalty
as soon as he saw it was inevitable. To the King himself
the recovery of such an agency was especially welcome ;
for the link which attached Fauconberg to the Crom-
wellian destinies carried with it an added force. With
this course of action, the influence of Henry Cromwell,
though less demonstrative, must needs be associated. In
this they stood apart from Lockhart, whose personal
alliance with some of the Republican party made him slow
to believe in the possibility of such a universal revolt.
The Restoration being accomplished, Fauconberg was
at once installed into the offices of Lieutenant of the
Bishopric of Durham, Lord-Lieutenant and Custos
Rotulorum of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and
Ambassador-Extraordinary to Venice, Tuscany, and
Savoy.* He enjoyed the favour of the three succeeding
monarchs, diverse as were their principles, and, dying in
1700, was buried at Cockswold, in Yorkshire, where a
lengthy epitaph, recited in Le Neve's " Monumenta
Anglicana," records his virtues and his prosperous career.
In the construction of this epitaph it had been Lady
Mary's original intention to exhibit more definitely his
alliance with the Protectorate, to which end, says Lord
Dartmouth, " she desired Sir Harry Sheers to write an
inscription for the monument, and would have it inserted
that in such a year Fauconberg married his Highness the
then Lord Protector of England's daughter, which Sir
Harry told her he feared might give offence. She
answered, that nobody could dispute matters of fact, and
therefore insisted on its being done." The wording
* Three years after the Restoration, we get a glimpse of this lady and her
husband, at the play. " Here," says Samuel Pepys, " I saw my Lord Faucon-
berg and his lady, my Lady Mary Cromwell, who looks as well as I have
known her, and well clad. But when the house began to fill, she put on her
vizard, and so kept it on all the play, which of late is become a great fashion
among the ladies, which hides their whole face." — Pepy's " Diary," June 12,
1663.
Mary, the Protectors Third Daughter. 121
eventually adopted shows that she yielded somewhat to
her friend's objection, though, of course, it duly sets forth
whose daughter she was. Her own death occurred in 1713,
at the age of seventy-six, shortly after that of her brother
Richard, and she was buried at Chiswick on March 24.
Sutton Court, the house in which she lived and died at
Chiswick, no longer exists. It stood very near the west
end of the parish church. Neither is there any monument
to her in the church. J. Mackay, speaking of this spot in
his " Journey through England," says : " I saw here a
great and curious piece of antiquity — the eldest daughter
of Oliver Cromwell, who was then fresh and gay " ; date
not given. Grainger, having stated that in the decline of
life she was pale and sickly, adds : " Since this note was
printed I had the honour to be informed by the Earl of
Ilchester, who remembers her well, and to whom she was
godmother, that she must have been far gone in the
decline of life when she was pale and sickly, as she was
not naturally of such a complexion." The testimonies as
to her personal merit are uniformly eulogistic. Bishop
Burnet styles her a wise and worthy woman, and one who
was more likely to have maintained the post of Protector
than either of her brothers. A footnote in " Hughes's
Letters " describes her as " a lady of great beauty, and of a
very high spirit, who distinguished herself till her death
by the quickness of her wit and the solidity of her judg-
ment." Mr. Hewling Luson, in the same volume, writes
as follows : " She was said to have been a lady of a very
great understanding. This was the ' noble relation '
referred to in Mr. Say's character [of Mrs. Bendysh], who
left Mrs. Bendysh a handsome legacy, as she did also to
the other descendants of her father Oliver to whom such
an aid might be useful. She died wealthy, and never had
a child." She betrayed, some thought, in her last will
an undue partiality for her own personal relatives, for she
left everything in her power away from her husband's
122 The House of Cromwell.
kindred, including Fauconberg House in Soho Square, the
town residence of the family. Some interesting relics,
however, descended to the last heir of the Fauconbergs,
among which was the sword worn by Oliver at the battle
of Naseby. There are extant two or three letters of Lady
Mary's to her brother Henry, two of which may be read in
Carlisle's " Letters and Speeches." The first, addressed
in 1655, and warning him against the influence of some
intriguing lady, who had made a lodgment in his Irish
household ; the second giving a long account of their
sister Frances's marriage negotiations. A third, here
following, relates to the last illness of their mother, the
Protectress. When that sorely-stricken lady found an
asylum at Norborough House, Lady Mary was her frequent
visitor, and this brief letter seems to point to the latest of
those interviews :
Lady Mary Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell, of Spinney
Abbey (1665 ?).
" Dear Brother,
" I have sent this bearer on purpose to see you and
my sister, fearing I shall not see you before I go from
hence. My poor mother is so affecting a spectacle as I
scarce know how to write, she continuing much the same
as she was when you were here. The Lord knows best
what is best for us to suffer, and therefore I desire we may
willingly submit to His will ; but the condition she is in is
very sad ; the Lord help her and us to bear it. I am
now able to say no more, my heart being so oppressed, but
that I am,
" Your dear wife's and your affectionate sister,
" M. Fauconberg."
CHAPTER XL
FRANCES, THE FROTECTOR'S FOURTH DAUGHTER.
BORN at Ely in 1638, Frances was married in
December, 1657, to the Hon. Robert Rich, eldest
son of Lord Rich, and grandson of Robert, Earl
of Warwick, the admiral of the fleet, and the
veteran peer who carried Oliver's sword of State at the
proclamation of his Protectorate. But this was by no
means her first love affair. In the first place there seems
no sufficient reason for discrediting the story of a pro-
jected alliance with the exiled King Charles, in which
Lord Broghill acted as the medium of negotiation. It
wears, at least, an air of greater probability than the
reports [preserved in Thurloe's papers] which in 1654 were
circulated in France to the effect that the Duke d'Enghein,
only son of the Prince of Conde, was her favoured suitor.
The Duke of Buckingham is the third name on the list,
but his chances must have been slender in the extreme.
Her fourth gallant was the Rev. Jeremiah White, or
"Jerry White," as he was commonly called, one of her
father's chaplains, and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. He is described as possessing a handsome person
and an engaging address, though his extant portrait,
photographed by the Arundel Society, can hardly be said
to warrant the encomium. Another attribute with which
i 24 The House of Cromwell.
he is credited — that of a ready wit — rests possibly on better
authority. Oliver put it to the test on one occasion in a
somewhat crucial form. Having been given reason to
suspect that his aspiring chaplain had carried his amatory
professions too far, Cromwell managed to entrap the
couple just at a moment when Jerry was on his knees,
caressing the Lady Frances's hand. " What is the mean-
ing of that posture before my daughter ?' demanded he.
Here Jerry's wit came to his aid. " May it please your
Highness, I have long unsuccessfully courted the young
gentlewoman yonder, my Lady's waiting-maid, and I was
now therefore humbly praying her Ladyship to say a word
in my behalf." Turning to the waiting-maid, Oliver went
on : " Well, hussey, and why should you refuse Mr.
White's offers? You must know that he is my friend,
and I expect that you will treat him as such." Here the
ready wit of the maiden proved smarter even than Jerry's.
" If Mr. White," says she, " intends me that honour, I
shall not oppose him." " Sayest thou so, lass ?" rejoined
Cromwell. " Call Goodwyn ; this business shall be finished
at once." Mr. Chaplain Goodwyn arrived ; the parties
were married on the spot, and Cromwell, by way of
solatium, made them a present of £500.* A union
effected after this fashion was not likely to be productive
of much mutual regard, nor was the result felicitous,
though they contrived to live together as man and wife for
half a century longer. " I knew them both," says Old-
mixon, the historian, " and heard the story told when
Mrs. White was present, who did not contradict it, and
owned there was something in it." But Jerry, though taken
down in this abrupt style, always maintained a marvellous
influence in the Cromwell family. Years after the Restora-
tion, when the Protectress was living at Norborough, he
was entrusted with the entire management of her pecuniary
This scene was painted by Augustus Egg in 1842.— See the Exhibition
Catalogue for that year, No. 548.
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 125
affairs. At that time he was occupying the position of
chaplain in the family of Sir John Russell, of Chippenham,
the Lady Frances's second husband, previous to which he
had enjoyed the confidence of her father-in-law, Sir
Francis Russell, as evidenced by a long and curious letter
(in the possession of Mr. Field, of Teddington) which the
knight sent him in 1663, touching his bodily ailments, and
the benefits which he had derived from the chaplain's
curative measures. Master White's talent seems to have
been multifarious. He wrote an essay on universal restora-
tion, and he gathered a list of many hundreds of the
sufferers for Nonconformity.
Jerry White being checkmated, the Dutton affair next
becomes prominent. Cromwell, it is assumed, had at
some time entered into a verbal engagement with John
Dutton, a wealthy freeholder, of Sherborne, in Gloucester-
shire, to bestow his daughter Frances in marriage on
William Dutton, the nephew or grandson (nepos) of that
gentleman ; and in his will (dated 1655) Mr. Dutton
expresses an " earnest desire that it might take effect."
How Cromwell and his daughter looked upon this mode
of courtship is not recorded. All we know is that, at the
age of nineteen, the young lady practically waived it by
falling in love with the Hon. Robert Rich aforesaid.
This young man, losing his mother at an early age, was
at her dying request placed under the care of Dr. Gauden,
by whose recommendation he first went to college, and
with whom he then made a foreign tour. On returning
home, being deeply in love with Frances Cromwell, he
sought her hand at once, though at the time he was in a
very sickly state of health. The marriage came off in
December, 1657 ; it can hardly be supposed with the
Protector's hearty concurrence. His disorder appears
to have been of a scrofulous nature, carrying him off in the
ensuing February, only two months after the wedding.
His grandfather, the old Earl of Warwick, when he heard
126 The House of Cromwell.
of it, said that, if they would keep the body above ground
a little while, they might carry his own along with it ;
and, indeed, he survived only two months longer. To
complete the tragedy, Mr. Rich's father, who succeeded to
the Earldom, followed his father and his son in the course
of the next year.
The collapse of this matrimonial connection was deeply
felt by all parties concerned ; for the mutual friendship of
the two houses was of long standing, dating back to asso-
ciations connected with Felsted, where the family of Rich
was seated, and ratified by political sympathies during the
recent war. Henry undertook to send a message of
condolence to Christian, Countess of Devonshire, the
grandmother of the deceased, and Oliver performed
the same office to the Earl of Warwick. The Earl's
letter in reply, which contained a noble tribute to the
character of the Protector, may be seen entire in Dr.
William Harris's "Life of Oliver." It concludes : " Others'
goodness is their own. Yours is a whole country's — yea,
three kingdoms', for which you justly possess interest and
renown with wise and good men. Virtue is a thousand
escutcheons. Go on, my lord — go on happily to love
religion, to exemplify it. May your lordship long continue
an instrument of use, a pattern of virtue, and a precedent
of glory."
Rich's funeral was conducted with great pomp on
March 5, 1658, the corpse being carried to Felsted for
interment in the family vault, and the funeral sermon
delivered by Dr. Gauden. Of all the extant specimens
of that dreary species of literature, the funeral sermon,
this of Gauden's is one of the most nauseous.
On May 7, 1663, the young widow, the Lady Frances,
was married at Hursleyto Sir John Russell, third baronet,
of Chippenham, co. Cambridge, and by him became the
ancestress of numerous and wide -spreading groups of
Cromwellian descendants. In the interval between her
Frances, the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 127
first and second marriage she may have been residing at
Hursley with Dorothy, the wife of the ex - Protector,
Richard. She survived her second husband fifty-one
years, spending a considerable portion of her later life
with her sister, Lady Fauconberg. Finally she outlived
all those of her own generation, and died in 1721 at the
age of eighty-four.
The Family of Russell
First became conspicuous in the person of Thomas
Russell, of the Isle of Wight, in Henry VI. 's time. The
baronet of the Civil War period, viz., Sir Francis, was an
ardent supporter of the Parliament's cause, a man of high
morality and humanity, and a personal friend of Oliver.
Of his fourteen children, besides his eldest son John, who
married Frances Cromwell, Elizabeth married Henry
Cromwell, the Protector's fourth son, and Sarah married
Sir John Reynolds, of whom larger notice will have to be
taken. The issue of the Lady Frances Cromwell by Sir
John Russell consisted of five children, viz :
I. Sir William, the fourth Baronet, of whom pre-
sently.
II. Rich, baptized at Chippenham, Cambs., Feb-
ruary 14, 1667, was the fourth child and second son. He
married, first, at Fordham, Cambs., April 5, 1693, his
cousin Mabel. She died January 5, 1731, and was buried
at Hillingdon, Middlesex, leaving issue one only child, a
daughter Mary, who married, 1731, at Hillingdon (as his
second wife), the Rev. Richard Mills, Vicar of Hillingdon,
by whom she left issue (inter alios), Rev. Thomas Mills,
also Vicar of Hillingdon, who was baptized (see Hilling-
don registers) June, 1738. These two vicars held the
living between them eighty-six years, although it was not
a family living. Rich married, secondly, at St. George's,
Hanover Square, October 28, 1732, Catherine Barton,
spinster, who survived him and proved his will. Rich
1 28 The House of Cromwell.
was a General in the army, and, according to the inscrip-
tion still legible on his tombstone at Hillingdon, served
his King and country forty-seven years. He died at Bath
(see Gentleman's Magazine) June 16, 1735, but was buried
in his family tomb at Hillingdon. His will was proved in
London February 6, 1735 (25 Denby, i. 46). His only
living descendants trace their descent from him through
his daughter, Mrs. Richard Mills. She is referred to as a
legatee in the wills of her father, of her grandmother,
Dame Frances Russell, the daughter of the Protector,
and of her cousin, Miss Elizabeth Cromwell. The Rev.
Thomas Mills left issue (inter alios) Frederick Russell
Mills, Esq., formerly Librarian of the Home Office and
private secretary to Lord Sidmouth while Home Secretary.
Mr. F. R. Mills died August 8, 1861, aged seventy-nine,
leaving numerous issue still surviving, including the heir-
at-law of Rich Russell. The Rev. Thos. Mills' youngest
son was Richard Mills, Esq., one of the Taxing Masters
of the Court of Chancery, who died at his residence, the
Moat, Eltham, Kent, April 21, 1880, aged ninety-four,
leaving numerous issue. The Mills family trace their
descent from Betham, in the parish of Penkridge, Stafford-
shire, where they were established in and prior to the
year 1490 (see Visitation of London, 1633, title Mills).
III. Christian, a daughter so named in memory of
Christian, Countess of Devonshire aforesaid. She died in
childhood in 1669.
IV. Elizabeth, born 1664, became the wife of Sir
Thomas Frankland, of whom presently.
V. John, third and posthumous son ; Governor of Fort
William, in Bengal; died at Bath 1735, having married,
first, Rebecca, sister of Sir Charles Eyre, of Kew, by
whom he had one son and three daughters. He married,
secondly, Joanna, sole daughter and heiress of Mr. Thurl-
bone, of the Chequers, Bucks, sergeant at law. The
children of the first marriage were :
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 129
1. Frances, born 1700; died 1775; bedchamber-
woman to the Princess Amelia. Married John, son
of Colonel Rivett of the Guards, but leaving no
issue, his estate of the Chequers passed to his sister
Mary, who, as will be seen presently, married Charles
Russell.
2. Charles, born 1701, died 1754, was a Colonel
in the army ; fought at Dettingen and Fontenoy ;
married, 1737, Mary Joanna Cutts, daughter of
Colonel Rivett aforesaid, who became the heiress of
Chequers, and by whom he had, besides Mary [bed-
chamber-woman to the Princess Amelia after her
aunt Fanny (?)] one son, John, eventually the eighth
Baronet.
3. Mary, married a Mr. Holmes. No issue.
4. Elizabeth, born 1704; married Samuel Green-
hill, of Swincombe, Oxford, and had issue, John
Russell Greenhill, LL.D., of Cottesford House,
Oxford, who took the Russell estates under the will
of the ninth baronet. He married Elizabeth, only
child of M. Noble, of Sunderland, Esq., and had a
son, Robert, created a Baronet by Lord Grey in
1831, at whose death, s.p., in 1836, the property passed
by his will to Sir Robert Frankland, who thereupon
assumed the surname of Russell in addition to and
after that of Frankland.
Sir John Russell, the third Baronet, husband of the
Lady Frances Cromwell, was succeeded by his son,
Sir William Russell, the fourth Baronet ; born about
1660, whose lavish expenditure in furtherance of the
Revolution of 1688 is supposed to have been the occasion
of his selling the Chippenham Manor to the Earl of
Orford. He died in 1725, leaving two sons.
Sir William Russell, the fifth Baronet, dying un-
married in 1738 at Passage, near Waterford, was suc-
ceeded by his brother,
9
130 The House of Cromwell.
Sir Francis Russell, the sixth Baronet ; Governor
of Fort William, in Bengal ; married, 1725, Ann Gee, and
left one son,
Sir William Russell, the seventh Baronet ; Lieu-
tenant in the Guards ; died a bachelor in 1757, when
the title descended to his second cousin, mentioned
above, viz. :
Sir John Russell, the eighth Baronet ; barrister at
law, of Lincoln's Inn. He died prematurely, 1783, at the
age of forty-two, at the seat of Sir Henry Oxenden, in
Kent, from inflammation of the bowels occasioned by
eating melons, and was much lamented as a kind and
generous man. His wife was Katharine, daughter of
General the Hon. Henry Carey, brother to Lord Falkland,
by whom he had two sons, the elder of whom,
Sir John Russell, the ninth Baronet, born 1779,
died unmarried, and was succeeded by his brother,
Sir George Russell, the tenth Baronet, who dying
unmarried in 1804, the title expired, and the estates
devolved under his brother's will upon their aunt Mary
(mentioned under the third baronetcy). This lady died
unmarried, and was succeeded in her possessions by her
cousin, Dr. John Russell Greenhill, of Cottesford House
aforesaid.
Family of Frankland.
Elizabeth, second daughter of the Lady Frances
Cromwell and Sir John Russell, of Chippenham, married
Sir Thomas Frankland, of Thirkleby, Yorks, Bart., eldest
son and heir of Sir William Frankland by Arabella
Bellasyse, sister to Viscount Fauconberg (the husband of
Mary Cromwell). Consequently Fauconberg was uncle
both to the bride and to the bridegroom, and so much
interest did he feel in this alliance that he settled divers
estates on Frankland, to which was added by bequest the
house at Chiswick. Sir Thomas Frankland, who repre-
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Dazighter. 131
sented Thirsk in Parliament, and was Postmaster-General,
is thus notified in 1713 : " He is chief of a very good
family in Yorkshire, with a very good estate. His being
my Lord Fauconberg's nephew, and marrying a grand-
daughter of Oliver Cromwell, first recommended him to
King William, who at the Revolution made him Com-
missioner of the Excise, and some years after Governor
of the Post- Office. By abundance of application he
understands that office better than any man in England,
and is adapted for greater matters when the Government
shall think fit to employ him. The Queen, by reason of
his great capacity and honesty, hath continued him in
the office of Postmaster. He is a gentleman of a very
sweet, easy, affable disposition — a handsome man, of
middle stature, towards forty years old." By his lady,
Elizabeth Russell, who died 1733, he had seven sons and
three daughters :
I. Thomas, the third Baronet, of whom presently.
II. William, F.R.S., page to Queen Mary II. His
children died young.
III. John, died at Hamburgh.
IV. Henry, of Mattersea, Notts ; acquired property in
India, and died there 1728. By his wife Mary, daughter
of Alexander Cross, he had issue :
1. Charles Henry, fourth Baronet, of whom here-
after.
2. Thomas, fifth Baronet, of whom hereafter.
3. 4, 5, 6. William, Richard, Robert, Harriet, died
young or unmarried.
7. Frederick, a Major in the Blues ; died at Lisbon
1752, having married Melissa, daughter of Rev. Mr.
Laying, by whom he had a daughter married to
Peniston Powney, Esq. She died 1774, leaving a
daughter, Melissa.
V. Richard, D.C.L., of Jesus College, Camb., died
1761.
132 The House of Cromwell.
VI. Frederick Meinhardt, barrister at law; M.P.
for Thirsk ; died 1768, having married, first, Anne, relict
of Adam Cardonnel, whose children died young, except
Anne, wife of Thomas, Lord Pelham, of whom hereafter.
He married, secondly, Anne Lumley, daughter of Richard,
first Earl of Scarborough, the " Lady Anne Frankland "
who, together with her sisters, Lady Barbara Leigh and
Lady Henrietta Lumley, were, by their mutual friend, the
Countess of Huntingdon, brought under the influence of
George Whitefield's preaching. But so highly did Mr.
Frankland resent the affair that he compelled his wife to
quit his house, and returned her fortune. She survived
the heart-breaking ordeal only eight months.
VII. Robert, a trader at Calcutta, slain in the Persian
Gulf.
VIII. Elizabeth, married to Roger Talbot, of Wood-
end, Yorks, of whom hereafter.
IX. Frances (or Mary), married to Thomas Worsley,
of whom hereafter.
X. Arabella, died unmarried.
Sir Thomas Frankland died in 1726, and was suc-
ceeded by his eldest son,
Sir Thomas Frankland, the third Baronet ; M.P. for
Thirsk in five Parliaments, and a lord of the Admiralty.
By his wife Diana, daughter of Francis Topham, of Agel-
thorpe, he had (inter alios) a daughter, Diana, who became
wife of George Henry Lee, Earl of Lichfield. Sir Thomas
married, secondly, Anne, daughter of a Huguenot refugee
named Rene Baudouin. After Sir Thomas's early death
in 1747, the widow married Adam Cardonnel, at whose
death Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, a younger brother
of Sir Thomas, became guardian and trustee for her
children. He did more than this : he became her third
husband. She had thus married two brothers, but Adam
Cardonnel coming between, she is always described in
the Peerages as Cardonnel's relict, and by this means
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 133
her marriage with Sir Thomas conveniently drops out of
sight. At Sir Thomas's death, in 1747, the title passed to
his nephew,
Sir Charles Henry Frankland, the fourth Baronet ;
born in Bengal in 1716, at the time of his father's re-
sidence there as Governor of the East India Company's
factory. Although by that father's death he inherited a
considerable fortune, yet the lucrative post of Collector in
the port of Boston, in New England, which he obtained
through the Duke of Newcastle, had sufficient attractions
to induce him to make that colony the place of his
residence for the greater part of his after-life. He went
over there in 1741, at the age of twenty-five, soon after
which, while on a visit of inspection to the neighbouring
seaport of Marblehead, where the home Government had
resolved to erect a fortification, he met the young woman
whose fascinations were destined to give that colouring to
his history, of which more than one writer of American
romance has availed himself. This young woman was
the celebrated Agnes Surriage, then sixteen years of age,
of obscure birth, being the daughter of a fisherman, but
gifted with the heritage of dazzling beauty. Her mother,
it is true, had a nominal claim to one-seventh part of a
vast tract of land in Maine, which fell to her on the death
of her father, Richard Pierce, of New Harbour, one of the
sharers in what was long known and litigated as " the
Brown right" (the title to which seventh part Sir C. H.
Frankland subsequently purchased of the widow Surriage
for £50), and it must have been this circumstance which
led Mark Noble and the other genealogists to give the
name of Agnes Brown instead of Agnes Surriage as
Frankland's wife. But whatever the prospects in Maine
might be worth, the daughter had received no education,
and she was accordingly placed for the present under the
tutelage and protection of Edward Holyoake, the Puritan
minister of the place.
134 The House of Cromwell.
Frankland, whose tastes were those of a general dilettante,
but found their best expression in architecture and horti-
culture, purchased an estate in the suburban village of
Hopkinton, and erected a vast and classic mansion, which
for some years became the scene of lawless revelry,
greatly to the scandal of the old-fashioned Puritans of
Boston.
Charles Henry Frankland, by the death of his uncle,
Sir Thomas, was called home to carry on a suit at law,
in which the will of this uncle, bequeathing the entire
estate at Thirkleby to his lady, was contested. The
Gentleman's Magazine thus reports the facts: "June 4,
1754. A cause between Sir Henry Frankland, plaintiff,
and the lady of the late Sir Thomas, defendant, was
tried in the Court of King's Bench by a special jury.
The subject of litigation was a will of Sir Thomas, sus-
pected to be made when he was not of sound mind ; and
it appeared that he had made three — one in 1741, another
in 1744, and a third in 1746. In the first only a slender
provision was made for his lady, by the second the family
estate in Yorkshire, of £2,000 per annum, was given her
for her life, and by the third the whole estate real and
personal was left to be disposed of at her discretion
without any provision for the heir at law. The jury, after
having withdrawn for about an hour and a half, set aside
the last and confirmed the second. In a hearing before
the Lord Chancellor some time afterwards in relation to
the costs, it was decreed that the lady should pay them
all, both at common law and in Chancery."
On this occasion he was accompanied to England by
Agnes Surriage ; and on the conclusion of the law affair,
they made the tour of Europe together, and took up a
temporary abode in Lisbon, furnishing a house there, and
joining in the dissipations of that doomed city. This
brings us to what Frankland's biographer justly terms the
catastrophe and turning point of his life. Hitherto he had
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 135
led the life of a voluptuary and a sceptic. Henceforward
his career was that of one stunned into modesty and
repentance.
The first of November, 1755, will ever be a memorable
date in the annals of Europe, and especially of Lisbon.
In that city, which then contained nearly a quarter of a
million of inhabitants, a brilliant morning sun was shin-
ing on the papal festivities of All Saints' Day. At eleven
o'clock high mass at thirty churches was quenched in
universal collapse. The earthquake was sensibly felt all
over western Europe, northern Africa, and even in the
West Indies ; but the catastrophe wrought its climax in
Lisbon, where the convulsed bed of the Tagus lifted for
some minutes all its shipping high and dry, to be over-
whelmed immediately after by a refluent rush of waters,
which fairly turned the harbour-quay bottom upwards and
then swallowed it out of sight. Of the thousands of fugi-
tives who had sought safety at that spot not a corpse ever
rose to the surface. The loss of human life in the city
was estimated at nearly 30,000, and the loss of property
at £95,000,000. Sir Henry Frankland, attired in Court
dress and in company with a lady, was on his way to
one of the church spectacles, in a carriage and pair, when
his vehicle was crushed by falling ruins and the horses
killed. While thus entombed, his companion, in her
frantic despair, seized his arm with her teeth and tore
away a portion of the flesh. What became of her is not
stated. As for Frankland himself, the dark horrors of
the hour brought the delinquencies of his past life into
startling review, and wrung from him vows of total re-
formation of life, and ample retribution to all whom he
had ever injured, if deliverance were now vouchsafed to
him — vows which there is good reason to believe he never
forgot. Meanwhile his devoted Agnes was traversing the
ruined streets in search of him ; and recognising at last
the plaintive voice which issued from his living tomb, she
136 The House of Cromwell.
accomplished his deliverance in no long time by lavish
rewards distributed to her assistants. His wounds being
dressed, he was conveyed to Belem, a suburb of Lisbon,
where his first action on recovery was to formalize his
marriage with his deliverer, by the hands of a Romish
priest. As his own house in Lisbon was wrecked, it was
resolved at once to embark for England ; and on board
ship the union was again ratified by the services of an
Anglican clergyman. On landing, the now sobered and
chastened couple proceeded to the family seat, where
Agnes was affectionately welcomed by her mother-in-
law.
Although Sir Henry two years later was formally ap-
pointed to the office of Consul-General at Lisbon, the
attractions of Hopkinton again and again induced him
and his lady to be backwards and forwards across the
Atlantic, till his health breaking down prematurely com-
pelled him to retire to Bath, where he died in 1768, aged
fifty-one years. He was buried in the church of the
neighbouring village of Weston, where the following
epitaph may be seen against the wall of the nave.
"To the memory of Sir Charles-Henry Frankland of
Thirkleby, Co. York, bart., Consul-General for many years
at Lisbon, from whence he came in hopes of recovery from
a bad state of health to Bath, where after a tedious and
painful illness, sustained with the patience and resignation
becoming a Christian, he died January 11, 1768, in the
fifty-second year of his life, without issue ; and at his
own desire he lies buried in this church. This monu-
ment is erected by his affectionate widow, Agnes Lady
Frankland."
On the death of her husband, Lady Frankland, in
company with Henry Cromwell, returned to the Hopkin-
ton estate, and there she cherished her relatives and
maintained a magnificent style of housekeeping till the
breaking out of the war of Independence in 1775. As
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 137
the rich widow of a prominent officer of the Crown, her
solitary position was felt to be no longer tenable, and
accordingly she and Henry took refuge in Boston, then
occupied by British troops. From the windows of her
house in Garden Court Street she witnessed, with many
others, the storming of Bunker's Hill, and afterwards
busied herself in succouring the wounded men as they
were brought in from the bloody field. The last of her
many voyages was then carried into effect, the succeeding
seven years of her life being spent in old England among
the members of the Frankland family, till her removal to
Chichester on becoming the wife of John Drew, a banker
of that city, the same place where Henry Cromwell also
appears to have settled. She died in the course of the
next year, 1783, at the age of fifty-seven, and was buried
at Chichester.
Captain Henry Cromwell, an illegitimate son of Sir
C. H. Frankland, whose name has occasionally cropped
up in the above narrative, was born in 1741, the first year
of his father's residence in New England. At the age of
fifteen he commenced his naval career by joining his
Majesty's ship Success, Captain Rouse, then lying in Casco
Bay, yet found or made frequent occasions for visiting and
travelling about with his father ; Lady Frankland on her
part ever cherishing a fond regard for him, though she
was not his mother. He was also held in high esteem in
the Navy, where, holding the rank of Captain, he was
present with Admiral Kempenfeldt in the gallant action off
the French coast, November 14, 1781. In the promotion
list for 1801 Henry Cromwell, Esq., becomes Rear Admiral
of the Blue, and in 1805 he is Rear Admiral of the Red.
A monument to his memory, and to one of his daughters,
may be seen in Chichester Cathedral.
Sir Thomas Frankland, who on the death, in 1768, of
his brother, Sir Charles Henry Frankland, succeeded as
fifth baronet, was already known as a naval officer of
The House of Cromwell.
distinction. He was now holding the rank of Admiral of
the Red, and he eventually attained to the White. He
was only twenty-two when he obtained the command of
the Rose frigate, appointed to carry out to the Bahamas
Mr. Tinker, the new Governor of those islands. Remain-
ing on that station as a check to the Spanish marauders
termed " guarda-costas," he had the good fortune to fall
in with one of them soon after it had made three prizes
— this was in June, 1742. The guarda-costa, supported
by two of her prizes, fought the English frigate for nearly
three hours, till, the prizes thinking it more prudent to
stand off, the two principal combatants had a running
fight all to themselves. In the course of another hour the
Spanish colours were hauled down, in opposition to their
captain's orders ; and Frankland, having shifted his
prisoners with all possible speed, went in pursuit of the
three flying prizes. In the end, they were all gathered
and carried to Carolina, when it became apparent why
the Spanish captain had maintained so obstinate a fight.
He turned out to be the notorious Fandino, who some
years previously had cut off the ear of Captain Jenkins.
Frankland, sharing in the general indignation which that
action had aroused throughout England, and regarding his
prisoner as one who merited nothing short of a pirate's
doom, refused to release him on parole or to exchange
him, and accordingly shipped him off to be judged in
England.
He continued some years longer on the same station,
guarding the newly-formed settlements of Georgia and
Carolina ; and in 1743 he married Sarah Rhett, daughter
of the Chief Justice and Governor of South Carolina, by
whom he had five sons and eight daughters. Miss Rhett
was a highly gifted woman, and it was the opinion of the
late Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis that from her were
derived those powers of understanding which distinguished
the next generation of Franklands. Immediately after his
Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 139
marriage, Captain Frankland sailed into Boston harbour
to pay a visit to his brother, Sir Charles Henry Frank-
land.
In the following year, while cruising off the north side
of Cuba, Captain Frankland found himself one dark
December morning under the shadow of a large Spanish
ship — the Conception — crowded with soldiers for Havana.
He kept to windward till daybreak, and at seven began an
engagement which lasted five hours, with a fresh gale and
a heavy sea. Three or four times did he put himself
alongside the enemy before she would strike, and when
the combat ceased at half-past twelve, it was found that
she had nearly a hundred men killed outright. The Rose,
on the other hand, which went into action with only
177 men and boys, had five killed besides the wounded.
The prize was carried to South Carolina, and found to
contain 310,000 pieces of eight and 5,000 oz. of gold in
passengers' money.
On the termination of the war in 1748, our sea-rover
came home and took his place in Parliament for the
family borough of Thirsk, and died at Bath in 1784, in his
sixty-seventh year.
Admiral Frankland always nursed with pardonable
pride the fact of his descent from the Protector Oliver ;
and he seems to have entertained the further belief that he
resembled him in person. The Admiral's surviving
children were as follows :
I. Thomas, the sixth baronet, of whom presently.
II. William, who died, unmarried, in 1816. He was a
barrister at law, attending the northern circuit, became
Attorney-General of the Isle of Man, Lieutenant-Colonel
of the North York Militia, M.P. for Thirsk, and a lord of
the Admiralty under Lord Grenville's administration in
1806. He is often named in the memoirs of Romilly and
Macintosh ; and it was thought by the late Sir Thomas
Frankland Lewis that of all Oliver's descendants with
140 The House of Cromwell.
whom he had come in contact, William Frankland was
the ablest and best informed, always excepting the late
Earl of Clarendon. But for some original traits of fancy,
which certain of his friends deemed eccentric, it was
generally felt that he might have been one of the leading
thinkers of his day. During the short peace he accom-
panied his friend, Sir James Macintosh, to Paris, when an
introduction to the First Consul was arranged, Bonaparte
being desirous of offering his personal compliments to Sir
James as the author of the " Vindicise Gallicae." But
some mistake in names occurring, Bonaparte advanced
towards the wrong man, and began pouring into Mr.
Frankland's ear those praises for philanthropy and
philosophical acumen which were intended for his friend.
What completed Mr. Frankland's embarrassment was that
his defective French rendered him unable to correct the
error. When it came to Macintosh's turn to hold colloquy
with the great man, the conversation dropped down to the
conventional topics current at courts, unless we except
the question, which Napoleon is said to have asked
Macintosh and Erskine, whether either of them had ever
been Lord Mayor of London.
III. Roger, Canon-residentiary of Wells, Rector of
Yarlington, and Vicar of Dulvington, both in Somerset ;
died in 1826. Like his brother William, he was a man of
considerable ability. By his wife Katharine, daughter of
John, seventh Lord Colville of Culross, and sister to Vice-
Admiral Lord Colville, he had twelve children.
1. Frederick William, the eighth baronet, of whom
hereafter.
2. Rear-Admiral Edward Augustus, born 1794 ;
entered the sea service as midshipman on board
the Repulse. For some time he was secretary to
his cousin, Commander Bowles, on the South
American station. Died unmarried at Florence, in
1862.
Frances, the Protector s Fourth Daiighter. 141
3. Emma, married W. Chaplin, Esq., of the
Madras civil service ; died at Ramsgate, 1825.
4. Admiral Charles Colville, began as midshipman
in the Aquilon, commanded by his cousin, Captain
William Bowles, who made him lieutenant into the
Andromache. After attaining the rank of Commander,
he became an extensive traveller in Europe and
Asia Minor, the narratives of which, illustrated by
sketches, were published in 1827 and 1832. He died,
unmarried, at Bath, in 1876, aged seventy-nine.
5. Matilda, died at Bath in 1819, having in the
previous year married Lieutenant-Colonel W. Robison,
24th Foot.
6. George, Lieutenant 65th Foot ; died in Van
Dieman's Land, 1838. In 1822 he had married Anne,
daughter of Thomas Mason, Esq., and had issue :
(1) Sophia Katharine, twice married ; (2) Georgina
Ann, married J. T. Francis, Esq. ; (3) Augustus
Charles, killed in 1857 at tne battle of Kooshab.
His wife was Clara, daughter of H. Williams, Esq.
7. Katharine Henrietta, married to Mr. Carey, still
living in 1878.
8. Octavia, married to Mr. Montgomery ; died
1868, aged sixty-two.
9. Louisa, died in childhood, 1814.
10. Arthur, bore the title of Colonial Aide-de-camp
at the Mauritius. He was a Captain in the army, and
died unmarried, 1S43.
11. Sophia, died unmarried at Nice in 1837.
12. Albert Henry, died in infancy.
IV. Mary, eldest daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas
Frankland ; married, in 1778, Sir Boyle Roche, Bart., of
Fermoy, in Ireland, grandson of Dominick Roche, a
partisan of James II.
V. Sarah, second daughter of Admiral Frankland ;
died young.
142 The House of Cromwell.
VI. Harriet, third daughter ; died unmarried.
VII. Anne, fourth daughter; became, in 1778, second
wife to John Lewis, of Harpton Court, Radnor ; and,
surviving him, married secondly, 181 1, Rev. Robert Hare,
of Hurstmonceaux, in Sussex, and died 1842.
Family of Lewis.
By her first marriage, the children of Anne Frankland
were one son — Thomas Frankland — and two daughters —
Anne and Louisa, who both died unmarried. Mr. Lewis
died in 1797, and was succeeded by his son,
The Right Hon. Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis ;
born 1780, educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxon. ;
Privy Councillor and M.P. He had filled a variety of
offices before he consented, under Lord Grey's administra-
tion, to be placed on the Poor Law Commission, the
chairmanship of which he fulfilled with great efficiency
from 1834 to 1839. The Rev. Sidney Smith, writing to
Sir William Horton in 1835, says : " Frankland Lewis is
filling his station of King of the Paupers extremely well.
They have already worked wonders ; but of all occupations
it must be the most disagreeable." And again to the
same person : " Our friend Frankland Lewis is gaining
great and deserved reputation by his administration of the
Poor Laws, one of the best and boldest measures which
ever emanated from any Government." Sir Thomas died
in January, 1855, after only two days' illness, having taken
a chill whilst shooting in very severe weather. The
patent of his baronetcy is dated June 27, 1846. He
married first, in 1805, Harriet, fourth daughter of Sir
George Cornewall, of Moccas Court, Hereford, by whom
he had two sons — George Cornewall and Gilbert Frank-
land ; he married secondly, in 1839, the daughter of the late
John Ashton, Esq., a captain in the Horse Guards Blue.
Sir George Cornewall Lewis, second baronet ; born
1806 ; educated at Eton and at Christchurch, Oxon.,
Fra7ices, the Protector s Fourth Datighter. 143
where he gained a first-class in classics and a second in
mathematics. From the obscurity of his Middle Temple
chambers he emerged in 1835 into the professional distinc-
tion of a Government Commissioner, though he did not
enter Parliament till the General Election of 1847, and
Lord John Russell being then in power, Mr. Cornewall
Lewis found himself forthwith installed in the office of
Secretary to the Board of Control. That Whig Govern-
ment fell in 185 1, and Mr. Lewis lost his seat, till the
death of his father gave him the family honour of repre-
senting the Radnor boroughs. His return to Parliament
was signalized by his appointment to the Chancellorship
of the Exchequer, and that, too, at a very critical period
(during the Crimean war with Russia), when Mr. Glad-
stone's retirement from the Palmerston Ministry created
a void which no one seemed capable of filling.
His death took place in 1863 at his country-seat of
Harpton Court, whither he had retired during the
Parliamentary vacation to obtain a brief rest from official
duties.
Sir George was succeeded by his only brother,
Sir Gilbert Frankland Lewis, the third baronet,
M.A., prebendary of Worcester, rural dean, rector of
Mornington on the Wye, Hereford ; born 1808 ; married
1843, Jane, eldest daughter of Sir Edmund Antrobus,
bart., and had issue : (1) Edward Frankland, died 1848 ;
(2) Herbert Edmund Frankland, born 1846 ; (3) Lindsay
Frankland, died young ; (4) Mary Anna ; (5) Eleanor.
VIII. Dinah, fifth daughter of Admiral Frankland;
born 1757 ; became in 1779 the wife of William Bowles,
of Heale House, near Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, by whom
she had ten children.
Family of Bowles.
Mr. Bowles being a member of Earl Shelburne's Wilts
Reform Association, his name is constantly found in con-
144 The House of Cromwell.
junction with those of Lord Radnor, Lord Abingdon,
Charles James Fox, Awdry Wyndham, and others of
that country party who, in the county meetings held in
Devizes from time to time, denounced the extravagance
of the public expenditure, the American war, and the
ever - augmenting pension - list. Yet, in spite of his
Whiggism, Mr. Bowles included Dr. Samuel Johnson
among his personal friends, and a visit which was paid to
Heale House by the Doctor in 1783 constitutes an episode
in his family history, linking it with still older historical
associations.
Mr. Bowles died in 1839. His children were :
I. Sir William Bowles, K.C.B., and admiral of the
fleet ; was born at Heale House in 1780. He entered the
navy at the age of sixteen, and was present in the expedi-
tion to Copenhagen, and afterwards in that against the
Spanish ports. In 1812, while commanding the Aquilon,
Captain Bowles, assisted by Captain David Latimer St.
Clair, of the Sheldrake, had to execute the disastrous office
of destroying seven large English merchant-ships, laden
with hemp, which had run ashore in a fog near Stralsund.
As 1,500 French soldiers were posted on a neighbouring cliff,
from which they could sweep the decks of the merchant-
men, it was manifestly impracticable to bring them off.
Their destruction therefore was accomplished by approach-
ing each ship in succession on the offside, scuttling her on
that side, and then setting her on fire. In 1820 Captain
Bowles controlled the South American station, and twice
received complimentary addresses from the British mer-
chants of Buenos Ayres, the latter memorial being accom-
panied with a present of plate. In 1822 he was appointed
Controller -General of the coastguard of England and
Ireland, which office he held till advanced to the rank of
Rear Admiral in 1841. He became Admiral of the Fleet
in 1869. In 1820 he had married the Hon. Frances
Temple, sister of the late Lord Palmerston. His death
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 145
occurred on July 2, 1869, at his residence, 21, Hill Street,
Berkeley Square, in the ninetieth year of his age, just
when he had reached his highest grade.
II. Sir George; born 1787; a General in the army,
and G.C.B. ; served in Germany, the Peninsula, Flanders,
and France ; Military Secretary to the Duke of Richmond
in Canada and Jamaica ; Commander of Lower Canada
during the rebellion of 1838 ; Master of the Queen's house-
hold in 1845 ; M.P. for Launceston, 1844 ; Lieutenant of
the Tower of London, 1851 ; Colonel of the First West
India Regiment, 1855 ; died unmarried, 1876.
III. Thomas Henry, barrister-at-law ; died unmarried
at the Cape of Good Hope in 1868.
IV. Anne ; married in 1805 to Dr. Fowler, of Salisbury,
and died 1878, aged ninety-six, when this branch of the
Bowles family became extinct, and the great wealth that
she inherited from her brothers went to the Salisbury
Infirmary.
V., VI., VII., VIIL, IX., X. Lucy, Charlotte, Harriet,
Katharine, Amelia, and Augusta, died young or un-
married.
Family of Whinyates.
Katharine, sixth daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas
Frankland ; married in 1777 Major Thomas Whinyates,
of Abbotsleigh, Devon, of the second Dragoon Guards,
and afterwards of the East India service, and had six sons
and nine daughters.
I. Thomas, a most intrepid sea-captain ; born in 1778 ;
entered the navy at the age of fifteen ; was present at the
storming of Fort Royal, Martinique, March, 1794 ; in
Bridport's action off Port L'Orient with the Brest fleet,
June 23, 1795 ; in Warren's action in Donegal Bay,
October 12, 1798, with the French squadron for the
invasion of Ireland, on which occasion he fought in the
Robust, 74, which captured the La Hoche, of 80 guns.
10
146 The House of Cromwell.
He commanded the Frolic at the capture of Guadaloupe,
Martinique, and St. Martin's, 1809-1810. He became
Rear Admiral in 1846. The five clasps of Admiral
Whinyate's war-medal record his valour at (1) Guada-
loupe ; (2) Martinique ; (3) in Warren's action ; (4) in
Bridport's ; (5) for boat service at the storming of Fort
Royal, Martinique. He died unmarried in 1857, aged
seventy-nine.
II. Russell Manners Mertolu, so named in memory
of his birth, in 1780, at Mertolu, a Portuguese town in the
Alentejo, at a time when his parents were prisoners of
war. He died at Brighton in 1788.
III. Sir Edward Charles Whinyates, K.C.B. and
K.H. This distinguished soldier, born in 1782, was
educated at Dr. Newcome's school, Hackney, and at the
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the
army in 1798 as Second Lieutenant in the Artillery, and
was with Sir Ralph Abercrombie at the landing of the
Helder, and under the Duke of York in the campaign of
North Holland. In 1807 he was at the siege and capture
of Copenhagen under Lord Cathcart. From 1810 to 1813
he fought in the Peninsula, sharing in many an arduous
action, and being generally found in the advance or rear
guards, for which services he received the Peninsula
medal, with two clasps for Busaco and Albuera. At
Waterloo, where he was severely wounded in the left arm,
he commanded the second Rocket Troop, R.H.A., and
during the three following years remained with the
army of occupation in France. A brevet majority and
a medal were the rewards of his conduct at Waterloo.
General Whinyates married in 1827 Elizabeth, only
daughter of Samuel Crompton, of Woodend, Yorks, Esq.,
which lady died in childbirth in the following year. His
own decease took pla,ce in 1865 at his residence, Dorset
Villa, Cheltenham.
IV. George Burrington Whinyates, Captain in the
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 147
royal navy ; born in 1783, and educated at Dr. Newcome's
school ; commenced service at the age of fourteen ; and
in 1806 was at the fight of San Domingo, when Admiral
Duckworth took or destroyed four sail of the line. In the
Hon. Robert Stopford's ship, the Spencer, 74, Mr. Whin-
yates was serving as Lieutenant, ignorant of the fact that
he had already been promoted to a Captaincy. The
Spencer captured the Alexandre, 80. The last ship he
commanded was the Bergere sloop of war of 18 guns.
He died of consumption, unmarried, at the age of twenty-
five.
V. Major-General Frederick William Whinyates
of the Royal Engineers ; married at Harpton Court in
1830 Sarah Marianne Whalley, and had eight children.
1. Harriet, died in infancy, 1830.
2. Emily Marianne, died at the age of four.
3. Frederick Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel Royal
Horse Artillery; married, 1872, Constance, fifth
daughter of Matthew Bell, of Bourne Park, Canter-
bury, Esq.
4. Edward Henry, of Trinity College, Oxon, curate
at East Hampstead, Berks.
5. Francis Arthur, Major, commanding the C.
Battery, A. Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery.
6. Albert William Orme, Captain Royal Artillery ;
married, 1868, Margaret Williams, only daughter of
Major-General William Dunn, R.A. ; died 1878, aged
thirty-seven.
7. Amy Octavia.
8. Charles Elidon, Captain in 52nd Light Infantry.
Died at Mentone in 1872, aged twenty-six.
VI. General Francis Frankland Whinyates, of the
Madras Artillery; married, 1826, Elizabeth Campbell, of
Ormisdale, co. Argyle. Died at Bath, 1887, aged ninety
years.
148 The House of Cromwell.
VII. Sarah Anne Catherina, died in i860, having
married, first, in 1803, Lieutenant James Robertson, of
the Bengal Engineers; and secondly, in 181 1, Captain
Robert Younghusband, of her Majesty's 53rd Regiment.
Her children by the first marriage were : James Alexander,
who died in 1828 ; and Sarah Mary Emily, married, 1833,
to Major Chalmer of the 7th Dragoon Guards, and had
nine children. Mrs. Chalmer died in 1850 ; her husband
in 1868. The issue was :
1. Anna.
2. Emily Eliza; married, 1870, to Captain P. Cox,
and has a son.
3. Catharine Frances, died 1896.
4. Charlotte Amy Rachel ; married, 1875, to Mr.
Percy P. Lysaght.
5. Georgina Isabella, infant.
6. Gilbert Stirling, Captain in the Blues ; married,
1873, to the Hon. Norah Westenra ; has a son, Henry
Francis.
7. Reginald, Captain 60th Rifles.
8. George, Captain 92nd Highlanders.
9. Francis, Lieutenant R.N., retired.
VIII. Amy, died unmarried, 1875, aged ninety.
IX. Rachel, died unmarried, 1858.
X. Ellen Margaret, died in infancy, 1788.
XI. Isabella Jane, died unmarried, 1868.
XII. Mercy, died in infancy in 1790.
XIII. Caroline Charlotte, died in infancy in 1796.
XIV. Octavia, married William Christmas, of Whit-
field, co. Waterford, who died 1867.
XV. Letitia, died unmarried in 1862.
This brings down to present times the history of the
fighting race of the Whinyates, who, since their union with
Admiral Frankland's daughter Katharine, have furnished
fourteen conspicuous names to the two Services.
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 149
Family of Nicholas.
Charlotte, seventh daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas
Frankland ; married, in 1778, Robert, elder son of Dr.
Edward Richmond Nicholas, of Roundway Park, Devizes,
described in an obituary notice in the Salisbury Journal
of 1770 as " an eminent physician of Devizes," where
the family had long flourished. Nicholas memorials
are found in the parishes of St. John and St. Mary,
Devizes, Southbroom St. James, Devizes, Bishops
Cannings, All Cannings, Winterbourn Earls, and Man-
ningford Bruce. His wife Charlotte having died in 1800,
he married secondly, in 1805, Anne (died 1873), daughter
of John Shepherd Clark, Esq., and by her had, with many
other children, Major Griffin Nicholas* of the 62nd, or
Wiltshire regiment, the present head of the family and
claimant of the barony of De la Roche aforesaid ; born in
1813, and now, 1879, resident at Hounslow. He died in
1826 at Clifton, whence his body was brought to Ashton-
Keynes. The children by his two marriages were eighteen
in number, all the sons dying childless ; those descending
from Miss Frankland being as follows :
I. Edward, Charge d'affaires at Hamburgh, latterly
Governor of Heligoland, and a Dutch merchant ; born
1779 ; died 1828.
II. Robert, a daring naval officer, who lost his life at
sea, August 3, 1810, just as he was made post-captain into
the Garland. The catastrophe occurred on board the Lark,
which foundered off San Domingo in one of the white
squalls peculiar to that station. f
* Author of " Genealogical Memoranda Relating to the Family of Nicholas."
t On a silver soup tureen, surmounted by the family crest, an owl with
wings extended, on a cap of maintenance, was engraved the following testi-
monial :
"To Captain Robert Nicholas, of H.M.S. Lark, late Lieutenant-Governor
of the island of Curacoa.
" This piece of plate is presented by the merchants concerned in trade with
that island, as a mark of respect to his person, and a token of gratitude for
150 The House of Cromwell.
III. William, born at Ashton - Keynes in Wiltshire,
December 12, 1785, received his grammatical education at
Mr. Newcome's school at Hackney, was a Woolwich cadet
in 1799, a Lieutenant of Engineers in 1801, and first saw
active duty at the defences of the western heights of
Dover. In the spring of 1806 he joined the expedition
to Sicily, dating from which time till his early death, he
took part in eleven engagements, viz., at St. Euphemia,
Maida, Rosetta first and second, Bagnora, Alexandria,
Scylla first and second, Alcanitz, Barossa, and Badajos.
It was at the ill-contrived assault on Rosetta that he had
his first experience of the style of warfare practised by
the Turk, whose cavalry during the retreat of the English
descended on the helplessly wounded, and deliberately cut
off their heads. During the street fighting at Rosetta,
when General Meade was wounded in the eye, Captains
Nicholas and James bore him in their arms out of that
scene of carnage, and placed him on the camel which
carried him to Alexandria. Though unwounded in fight,
Mr. Nicholas about this time sustained great injury from
a bathing accident at Alexandria, by plunging into water
which was so shallow that his breast struck against a
sunken rock. Sir Thomas Graham habitually spoke of
his conduct at Barossa as beyond all praise. But let the
young soldier here tell his own story, as recorded in his
letters home : " It was the most glorious day England
ever saw. I wish the eyes of the world had been upon
us. I have not had time to indulge in melancholy re-
flections since I received your letter ; but as I galloped
through the fire, I thought of the pleasure of meeting my
mother and brothers, and never saw death with more in-
difference. The men fell too fast to be counted. In
those important benefits which resulted to them from his zeal and activity in
the protection of their trade, and the wise policy of those measures to which
the beneficial intercourse with the neighbouring Spanish colonies is to be
attributed. London, February 14, 1809."
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 5 1
short, never was there greater slaughter or a more dis-
tinguished battle and victory. It exceeds Maida and
Alcanitz. I assure you they were nothing in comparison.
Captain Birch and myself were publickly thanked on the
field of battle for the assistance we rendered General
Graham, in these words : ' There are no two officers in
the army to whom I am more indebted than to you two '
— stretching out his hands to us — ' you have shewn your-
selves as fine fellows in the field as at your redoubts.' I
hope he will not forget me in his public letter. In every
action I have been in before I have not been perfectly
satisfied with myself, always thinking that I might have
done more. At Barossa I inwardly feel and am satisfied
that I did honour to our name. . . . But alas, as in all
our victories, honour will be the only reward that falls to
us. We have retired again into La Isla, disgusted with
our allies, and have left them to pursue their objects as
they can. Our men and the soldiers' wives abuse the
Spanish officers and men as they pass them in the streets,
so that it is probable some disturbance will happen. The
Portuguese infantry, who fought admirably, publicly abuse
them in the streets."
At the siege of Badajos, he volunteered to direct the
action of the storming column which ascended the great
breach ; and it was in accordance with his habits of
thoroughness that in the dead of the night preceding the
night of the attack, he determined on making a personal
reconnoitre of the position. For this purpose he stripped,
and, disregarding the perils of sentinels or of cold water,
forded the inundation of the Ravellas in order to deter
mine the safest passage across, an action of which due
note was taken by Sir Thomas Graham.
The next night witnessed the assault. After twice
assaying to reach the summit of the breach, Nicholas fell,
wounded by a musket-ball grazing his knee, a bayonet-
thrust in the right leg, his left arm broken, and his wrist
152 The House of Cromwell.
bleeding from a third shot. Thus shattered, he rolled
among the debris ; but on hearing the soldiers demand
who should lead them on to the third attack, he rallied his
energies sufficiently to order two of his men to hold him
up in their arms, and carry his wounded body to the front.
Again were they at the top of the breach, when one of his
bearers fell dead, and himself received a fourth shot, which
broke two ribs and passed out near the spine. This shock
precipitated him the whole length of the slope down to the
bottom of the breach. By his side were falling his friends,
Colonel McLeod, Captain James, and Major-General
Colville. The last-mentioned officer swooned from the
agony of a wound in the thigh, but he afterwards re-
covered ; and when writing home to his brother-in-law,
Canon Frankland (an uncle to William Nicholas), he says :
"The last sound which I heard was the voice of that
valuable young man and excellent officer, Captain
Nicholas, emphatically exhorting his men in the ditch."
After his wounds had been dressed, he wrote home in
the following terms :
" My dear Father,
" The breaches were stormed last night, and
Badajos taken. I had the honour of showing and leading
the troops of the advance to the great breach. I am
wounded in the following manner : — one musket ball
through the left arm, breaking it about the middle below
the elbow, — another through my left side, breaking I
believe one or two ribs, — two very slight wounds, one on
the knee-pan, and one in the calf of my left leg, — ditto,
wrist of the left arm. Adieu, my dear father,
" Your most affectionate son,
"William Nicholas."
" Camp before Badajoz,
"April 7, 1812."
He calmly expired in the afternoon of April 14, 1812,
being the eighth day after his wounds.
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter, 1 53
Sir Richard Fletcher, the commanding engineer, erected,
before quitting the captured city, an altar-tomb over the
grave of his comrade, and announced the fact to the elder
Mr. Nicholas, who had now, in the brief space of two
years, lost three sons in the service.
IV. Thomas, born 1790, a naval Lieutenant of H.M.S.
Satellite. He was supposed to have been blown up with
his boat's crew, while setting fire to the French frigate
Elise off Tatatho, on the coast of France, December 19,
1810. At any rate, neither the boat nor her freight were
ever again seen.
V. Charles, born 1794 ; died 1822. At first a Wool-
wich cadet ; but on the death of his brother William
it was decided to send him to Oxford. He eventually
became a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, but shortly after died
of consumption at Madeira, his remains being brought to
England for interment in the family vault at Ashton-
Keynes.
VI. Charlotte, born 1784; died unmarried.
VII. Sophia, born 1787 ; died unmarried in 1866.
VIII. Frances; died unmarried in i860, aged seventy-
two, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery.
IX. Harriet ; married, in 1816, Captain (afterwards
Admiral) Henry Theodosius Browne Collier, brother to
Admiral Sir Francis Collier; and died in 1850, the mother
of seven children.
1. George Baring Browne, Captain R.N. ; married
Justina Maria Stepney, youngest daughter of Joseph
Gulston, of Derwydd, Carmarthen.
2. Clarence Augustus, Lieutenant-Colonel Bombay
Staff Corps ; retired on full pay with rank of Colonel.
He married Anne, daughter of Peter Rolt, Esq.,
M.P.
3. Herbert Cromwell, Captain 21st Hussars ;
married Blanche Frances, only child of Major-General
Bonner.
154 The House of Cromwell.
4. Gertrude Barbara Rich ; married Charles Ten-
nant, of Cadoxton Lodge, Glamorgan, Esq.
5. Harriette Augusta Royer ; married Sir Alexan-
der Campbell, Bart., of Barcaldine.
6. Adeline Letitia ; married Robert Gordon,
Adjutant-General of the Madras Army.
7. Clementina Frances ; married Frederick Erskine
Johnston, Captain R.N., son of the late Right Hon.
Sir Alexander Johnston, of Carnsalloch, co. Dumfries.
X. Ellenor, born 1796 ; married Mr. Sutton, and died,
s.p., in 1862.
XL Maria, died unmarried in 1821.
Family of Gosset.
Grace, eighth daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas
Frankland, fifth Baronet ; married, in 1793, Matthew
Gosset, Esq., Vicomte of Jersey, and died in 1801. The
Gosset family, of noble Norman descent, adopted the
Protestant faith, and in consequence forfeited rank, it is
thought, about 1555 ; and later on the estates near St. Lo
and St. Sauveur, fleeing to Jersey at the Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes. Matthew Gosset's children by Grace
Frankland were as follows :
I. William Matthew, Lieutenant-Colonel Royal En-
gineers; served during the last war with America (1812-
1814), and was engaged in the capture of Oswego ; married
Louisa Walter, in 1830, and died in 1856. No children.
II. Admiral Henry Gosset, served, like his brother,
in the last war with the States, and assisted at the capture
of Genoa; escorted Napoleon I. to St. Helena. Born in
1798 ; died unmarried 1877.
III. Captain Charles Gosset, R.N. ; served in the
Mediterranean and Adriatic during the war with France ;
died unmarried, 1868.
IV. Grace Elizabeth ; married in 1819 to John Cal-
laghan, of Cork, Esq., and had three children — two sons,
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 5 5
who died, and a daughter, who married, in 1876, C. R.
Palmer, of Carrig, Queen's Co., Esq.
V. Arthur, of Eltham House, Kent, and some time of
West Park, Mortlake ; Major (retired) Royal Horse
Artillery ; a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for Kent.
In 1834 ne niarried Augusta, daughter of Thomas Morgan,
Esq., had twelve children, and died 1886.
1. Augusta Louisa.
2. Emma.
3. Arthur Wellesley, late Captain 2nd Queen's
Royals ; served throughout the China War of i860,
and in the advance on Pekin ; medal and two clasps ;
married, 1881, Harriet Lavinia, daughter of Rev. R.
Holden Webb, and has one daughter.
4. Matthew William Edward, C.B., Brigadier-
General, Madras ; served with 54th Regiment during
the Indian Mutiny, against the Chittagong mutineers
in 1857, and in Lord Clyde's campaign, in Oude,
1858-1869. Medal. Adjutant 54th Regiment, 1863-
1867 ; Instructor Royal Military College, 1873-1877 ;
Brigade- Major, Aldershot, 1877-1878 ; Aide-de-camp
to General Officer Commanding the Forces, Cape of
Good Hope ; and Assistant-Quartermaster-General,
2nd Division, during operations against the Gaikas in
the Buffalo Mountains, and the Perie and In'taba
Ka'ndoda Bush, 1878-1879. Employed in Quarter-
master-General's Department, and as Commandant at
Durban, in first and second advance into Zululand.
Battle of Ulundi; mentioned in despatches. Medal with
clasp. Brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel, 1879 » m Trans-
vaal Campaign, 1880-18S1 ; Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Dorset Regiment, 1884-1890; in operations of the
Irrawaddy column in Burmah, 1891-1892. Medal with
clasp; Assistant - Adjutant - General, Egypt, 1891 ;
Brigadier-General, Madras, 1891-1896.
5. Mary Harriet.
156 The House of Cromwell.
6. Philip Henry ; died 1893 ; unmarried.
7. Laura Henrietta.
8. Octavia Georgina Emily.
9. Gertrude Maria ; married, 1873, F. B. Shad-
well, Esq., and has two sons.
10. Grace Amelia.
11. Adelaide Louisa Julia.
12. Edward Frankland, Major East Yorkshire
Regiment, ; married, 1893, Mary Mabel Vidal, and
has one son.
This completes the genealogies of the younger children
of Admiral Frankland. The baronetcy has now to be
carried on in the person of his eldest son and heir,
Sir Thomas Frankland, sixth Baronet ; born 1750 ;
died 1831, having, in 1775, married his cousin, Dorothy,
daughter of William Smelt, and niece of Leo Smelt, Esq.,
sub-Governor to the Prince of Wales [George IV.], and
by her, who died 1820, had six children, the youngest of
whom was his successor.
Sir Robert Frankland, the seventh Baronet, who,
having inherited the Chequers estate by the will of Sir
Robert Greenhill Russell in 1836 assumed by sign manual
the surname of Russell in addition to and after that of
Frankland. He was born 1784, and in 1815 married the
Hon. Louisa Anne, third daughter of Lord George Murray,
Bishop of St. David's. He sat in several Parliaments, but
took no prominent part, nor held office. His five daughters
were :
I. Augusta Louisa; married, 1842, to Thomas De
Grey, fifth Baron Walsingham, and died 1844, leaving
a son, Thomas, who in 1870 succeeded his father as
sixth Baron, and married, 1877, Augusta Selina Eliza-
beth, widow of Ernest Fitzroy Neville, Lord Burg-
hersh.
II. Caroline Agnes; died, unmarried, 1846.
III. Emily Anne; married Sir William Payne
Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 1 5 7
Gallwey, of Thirkleby Park, Bart., M.P. for Thirsk ;
and was the mother of: (1) Ralph William, in the
army, who married Edith Alice, daughter of Thomas
M. Usborne, of Blackrock, co. Cork; (2) Edwin;
(3) Lionel ; (4) Wyndham Harry ; (5) Leonora Anne ;
(6) Bertha Louisa ; (7) Isabel Julia, died 1873.
IV. Julia Roberta; married, 1845, Ralph Neville
Grenville, eldest son of George Neville, and grandson
of the second Baron Braybrooke, and had issue
(1) Robert, 1846; (2) George, 1850; (3) Hugh, 1851 ;
(4) Louisa ; (5) Agnes Magdalen ; (6) Beatrice ; (7)
Etheldreda.
V. Rosalind Alicia ; became, in 1854, the second
wife of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis L'Estrange Astley,
third son of Sir Jacob Henry Astley, and is now
(1896) Mrs. Frankland Russell Astley, of Chequers
Court, Bucks. Their issue was : Bertram Frank-
land, 1857 ; Hubert Delaval, i860 ; and Reginald
Basil, 1862.
Sir Robert died in 1849, and was succeeded by his
cousin,
Sir Frederick William Frankland Russell, the
eighth Baronet, lately residing at Cheltenham. He
was the eldest son of Roger Frankland, the Canon of
Wells. Born in 1793, he received his military education
at Marlow and Woolwich, joined the Duke of Welling-
ton in Portugal in 1812, was present at Pampeluna,
Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Bidassoa, Bayonne, Toulouse,
and Waterloo, also at the storming of Cambray, held
office in the Ordnance Department at Gibraltar, served
in the East and West Indies, and sold out in 1825. For
fifteen years he was a magistrate and Deputy- Lieutenant
of Sussex, in which county his estate of Montham lay.
In the evening of his days he drew up, at the request of
his children, a relation of his military life, more particu-
larly of the part which he had borne in the Peninsular
158 The House of Cromwell.
War, and, under the title of " Reminiscences of a
Veteran," it was printed for private circulation in 1872,
adorned with a portrait of the old soldier. It makes no
pretensions to systematic history, but abounds with per-
sonal incidents. His health, it appears, was far from
good when he left England as a youth, yet he had no dis-
position to retreat before that or any other obstacle. It
was therefore rather humbling to his pride when one day,
while the army was ploughing its way by the torrent of
Bidassoa, driving the French before them, a message came
from the Adjutant directing the young officer to go to the
rear, and, taking command of the sick men there gathered,
to march them to the nearest hospital station. The order
was peremptory, and had to be put in immediate execu-
tion ; so the march began ; but after the first quarter of a
mile its ignominy could be endured no longer, and the
word was given to "Halt." "Well, my lads," he went
on, " I never expected to have such a duty as this to per-
form. I ought at this moment to be leading the Grenadiers
into action, instead of which I am sent to the rear with a
pack of skulking fellows, who are shamming sickness
because they are tired of fighting. You may hear the
guns firing now, and the French are in full retreat. Come
now, just change your minds. You may be unwell, but
there is not one of you so ill as myself. I declare it drives
me mad to think of it." After a short pause, one of their
number stepped forward : " Mr. Frankland, we are all
knocked up, but we have nevertheless determined to go
back with you." So the word was given " Right about
face," the fighting battalion was soon overtaken, and
every invalid rejoined his company.
Sir Frederick married, in 1821, Katharine Margaret,
only daughter of Isaac Scarth, of Stakesby, Yorks, Esq.,
by whom, who died 1871, he had :
I. Frederick Roger, Midshipman in the Winchester ;
died at Sierra Leone, 1845.
Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 1 59
II. Thomas, of the 48th Madras Native Infantry;
killed in 1857 at the storming of a tower in the
Secunder Bagh, at Lucknow.
III. Harry Albert, Midshipman in the Alarm;
died of fever at Vera Cruz, 1847.
IV. William Adolphus, Lieutenant -Colonel, and
late of the Royal Engineers, of whom presently.
V. Colville, Captain 103rd Fusiliers ; married, in
1870, Mary Jay, daughter of William Dawson, of
New York, and has two sons and three daughters.
VI. Frederica,died in infancy at Poonah, East India.
VII. Eliza Henrietta Augusta; married at Frank-
fort-on-the-Maine, 1861, to Major F. S. Vacher, of
the 22n/d Regiment.
VIII. Maria Margaret Isabella, died i860.
Sir Frederick William Frankland died 1878, aged
eighty-five, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving
son, Sir William Adolphus Frankland, the ninth
Baronet, who was born in 1837, anc^ passed first out of
the Royal Military Academy into the Royal Engineers
in 1855. He succeeded his father, the old Peninsula and
Waterloo officer, in 1878. He married Lucy Ducarel,
daughter of Francis Adams, Esq., of Clifton and Cots-
wold Grange, Gloucester. The baronetcy was created
by Charles II. at the Restoration. The second Baronet
married Frances Russell, grand-daughter of Oliver Crom-
well, and the Franklands, being descendants of the
Protector, a large number of pictures and relics of the
Cromwell family descended with the baronetcy. Sir
William Frankland was thus the possessor of the well-
known portraits* of Cromwell by Sir Peter Lely, Walker,
and Cooper, and of the mask taken of the Protector after
* Amongst these portraits are Oliver as a child, three years old ; Oliver in
armour, with a page tying his sash ; Oliver on horseback ; Oliver's mother ;
his two sons, Richard and Henry ; his four daughters ; his chaplain, Jeremy
White ; his secretary, Thurloe ; and Cornet Joyce, who took Charles prisoner
from Holmby House to Newmarket.
160 The House of Cromwell.
death. At the 1880 General Election, Sir William Frank-
land, coming forward as a Conservative, lost his seat for
Thirsk, a borough which had been represented by a long
line of his ancestors, with few intermissions, for several
hundred years. He died in December, 1883, after a long
illness, at Sunbury-on-Thames. He is succeeded by his
eldest son, now Sir Frederick Frankland.
In Henry Stooks Smith's " Parliaments of England,"
the representatives of Thirsk, being members of the allied
families of Greenhill, Greenhill-Russell, Frankland, and
Crompton, are invariably marked as Whigs from 1806
downwards. Previous to that date their politics are not
specified in Mr. Smith's work.
Earldoms of Chichester and Darnley, and Viscounty of
Midleton.
Anne Frankland, only daughter and heiress of
Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, Esq., married, May 11,
1754, Thomas Pelham, Esq., who succeeded his cousin as
second Baron Pelham, of Stanmer, in Sussex, and in 1801
was created Earl of Chichester, dying four years after-
wards. The Pelhams, of Sussex, were an eminent Whig
family. There were four of the name in the Long Par-
liament. Peregrine Pelham, M.P. for Hull, was a regicide,
but whether or not related to the Sussex family is un-
known. Sir Thomas Pelham, the member for Sussex,
and the direct ancestor of the present Earl of Chichester,
served on the committee acting in the Parliament's behalf
for that county (Lords' Journals, vii. 208). Thomas
Pelham's children by Anne Frankland were :
I. Thomas, second Earl.
II. Henrietta Anne, married to George William
Leslie, tenth Earl of Rothes, of whom presently.
III. Henry, born 1759 ; died 1797, having married
Katharine, daughter of Thomas Cobb, Esq. Issue,
two daughters : (1) Katharine Elizabeth Anne, and (2)
Pedants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. i6r
Fanny, married to Captain James fla^lt^u^
IV. Frances, born 1760; married to George, fourth
Viscount Midleton of Ireland ; and died 1783, ieavm"
a daughter, Frances Anne, who became the wife of
Inigo Freeman Thomas, of Ratten in Sussex, Esq
and died s.p. in 1858. l''
V- Lucy, Countess to John, first Earl of Sheffield ■
died s.p. 1797. '
VI. Emily, born 1764.
VII. George, D.D. ; Bishop successively of Bristol
Sir Richard Rycroft, and died s.p. 1827
Thomas, second Earl of Chichester, born April 8
h was ^e°fUgsh°Utttheri0d °f the F-nch Revolution
As Lord P ,h ryu°r Ireland UndGr L°rd Camden.
As Lord Pelham in the House of Commons, he dis-
mgmshed himself by maintaining, in alliance with Mr
(afterwards Earl) Grey, the right of the House to be
made acquainted with the merits of every case of foreign
negotiation, as the only means of escaping constant war
like complications. He was one of those who urged the
prosecution of Warren Hastings. He married, in 1801
Henrietta Juliana, daughter of Francis Godolphin, fifth
Duke of Leeds, and left issue :
I. Mary, born 1803 ; died i860.
II. Henry Thomas, third Earl.
T Uu' ^mufarRose> mar"ed to Major-General Sir
Joshua Jebb, of the Royal Engineers, and died 1884
IV. Frederick Thomas (died 1861), Rear-Admiral,
R.N ; married 1841, to Ellen Kate, daughter of
fohn M rhf ' f^" ^ had: (I) Frede-k
John (2) Frederick Sidney, Lieutenant, R N ■
3 Constance Alary Kate; (4) Emily Blanche','
(5) Beatrice Emily Julia; (6) Kathleen Mary Maud
V. John Thomas, D.D, Bishop of Norwich-
11
1 62 The House of Cromwell.
married Henrietta, daughter of Thomas William
Tatton, Esq., of Wythenshaw, and had issue : (i)
Henry Francis, of Exeter College, Oxon. ; married,
1873, Laura Priscilla, daughter of Sir Edward Buxton,
Bart. ; (2) John Barrington, in Holy Orders ; married
Caroline, daughter of Rev. William Buller; (3)
Sidney, B.A. ; (4) Herbert ; (5) Fanny.
VI. Henrietta Juliana, born 1813.
VII. Katharine Georgiana, born July 21, 1814 ;
married, October 26, 1837, the Hon. and Rev.
Lowther John Barrington, son of George, fifth
Viscount Barrington ; and died 1885, leaving a family.
VIII. Lucy Anne, second wife to Sir David
Dundas, of Beechwood, Bart.
The Earl died in 1826, and was succeeded by his son,
Henry Thomas Pelham, third Earl of Chichester,
born August, 1804 ; married, 1828, Mary Brudenell,
daughter of Robert, sixth Earl of Cardigan, who died in
1867. By her he had issue :
I. Walter John (Lord Pelham), married, 1861,
Eliza Mary, only daughter of the Hon. Sir John
Duncan Bligh.
II. Francis Godolphin, M.A., Vicar of St. Mary's,
Beverley, Yorks, subsequently Canon of Bangor and
Rector of Lambeth ; married Alice Carr, daughter of
Lord Wolverton, and has Jocelyn Brudenell, Ruth
Mary, Henry George Godolphin, Anthony Ashley
Ivo, Herbert.
III. Thomas Henry William, barrister-at-law ;
married Louisa, daughter of William Bruce, Esq.,
cousin to Lord Balfour of Burleigh, and has issue
Mary Louisa.
IV. Arthur Lowther, married Evelyn, daughter of
Reginald Cust, Esq.
V. Harriet Mary, married, 1850, to John Stuart
Bligh, Earl of Darnley, in the peerage of Ireland, and
Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. J 63
Baron Clifton in that of England; descended from
John Bligh, one of Cromwell's agents for the settle-
ment of forfeited estates in Ireland. Issue: Edward
Henry Stuart, Kathleen Susan Emma, and other
children.
VI. Susan Emma, married, 1853, to Abel Smith,
of Woodhall Park, Herts.
VII. Isabella Charlotte, married, 1855, to Samuel
W'hitbread, M. P. for Bedford. Issue: Maud; married
Mr. Charles Whitbread.
The Earl died in 1886, and was succeeded by his son,
Walter John Pelham, fourth Earl of Chichester, who was
born in 1838.
Earldom of Rothes.
Henrietta Anne Pelham, eldest daughter of Thomas,
first Earl of Chichester ; married, 1789, George William,
tenth Earl of Rothes, of the kingdom of Fife, and had,
with Amelia and Mary, who died unmarried,
Henrietta Anne, Countess, who in 1806 married
George Gwyther on his assumption of the surname and
arms of Leslie, and had issue :
I. George William Evelyn, eleventh Earl.
II. Thomas Jenkins, in the army.
III. Henrietta Anne, wife of Charles Knight Mur-
ray, barrister-at-law.
IV. Mary Elizabeth, married Martin E. Haworth,
of the 60th Rifles ; died 1893.
V. Anna Maria, married Henry Hugh Courtenay,
Rector of Mamhead, son of the eleventh Earl of
Devon, and had : Henry Reginald and Hugh Leslie.
VI. Katherine Caroline, married John Parker,
Captain, 66th Foot.
The Countess died in 1819, and was succeeded by
her son,
George Wtlliam Evelyn, eleventh Earl of Rothes ;
164 The House of Cromwell.
born 1809 ; married Louisa, third daughter of Henry-
Anderson Morshead, of Widey Court, Devon, and left
at his death, in 1841, a daughter, Henrietta Anderson
Morshead, who eventually became Countess, and an only
son, namely,
George William Evelyn, twelfth Earl, who died
unmarried in 1859, when the family honours devolved
upon his sister,
Henrietta Anderson Morshead Leslie, Countess of
Rothes, and Baroness Leslie and Ballenbreich in the
peerage of Scotland ; married, 1861, to the Hon. George
Waldegrave Leslie, third son of William, eighth Earl of
Waldegrave.
Family of Gee.
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Frankland,
the second Baronet ; married Roger Talbot, of Woodend,
in Yorkshire, whose only daughter, Arabella, or Eliza-
beth (?), became the second wife of Colonel William Gee,
who fell at Fontenoy in 1743. They had one son, viz. :
Roger Gee, Esq., of Bishop Burton, who by his wife,
Caroline, eighth daughter and co-heir of Sir Warton
Penyman Warton, had two daughters : (1) Sarah Eliza-
beth, married to Henry Boldero Barnard, of Cave Castle ;
and (2) Caroline, married to George Hotham, of the
Guards. Mr. Gee died in 1778, and was buried in Bath
Abbey. His daughters, who were his co-heirs, sold the
Woodend estate to the Crompton family.
Family of Barnard.
Sarah Elizabeth Gee, married Mr. Barnard afore-
said in 1788, and had surviving issue as follows :
I. Henry Gee, born 1789 ; a Captain in the Scots
Greys.
II. Charles Lewyns, born 1790 ; entered the army in
his fifteenth year as Ensign in his uncle General Hotham's
Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 165
regiment, and finally became a Captain of the Scots
Greys, in the troop previously commanded by his elder
brother. After distinguishing himself in no less than
twelve engagements under the Duke of Wellington, he
fell at Waterloo in 18 15.
III. Edward William, held the family living of South
Cave, and died at Chester in 1827, leaving by his wife,
Philadelphia Frances Esther, daughter of Archdeacon
Wrangham, three children, namely : (1) Edward Charles
Gee, born 1822 ; (2) Rosamund ; (3) Caroline.
IV. Sarah Eleanor, married, in 1832, to Joseph, only
surviving son of Samuel Delpratt, of Jamaica, and had
issue one daughter, Eleanor Josephine.
Mr. Boldero Barnard died in 1815 — his widow in 1832
— and was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry Gee
Barnard.
Family of Hotham and Baronetcy of Lubbock.
Caroline, the second daughter of Roger Gee aforesaid,
became in 1792 the first wife of Lieutenant - Colonel
George Hotham, eldest son of General George Hotham
and brother to Admiral Lord Hotham. She died in 181 1.
The children of Colonel Hotham and Miss Gee were as
follows :
I. William, Rear Admiral, R.N., born 1794 ; went to
sea at the age of ten in the Raissonable, 64, commanded by
his uncle, Vice-Admiral Sir William Hotham ; dis-
tinguished himself at Antwerp, Cadiz, Matagorda, the
capture of La Pcrsanne, French store-ship ; destroying
batteries at Omago, on the coast of Istria ; storming the
fort of Farisina ; capturing the batteries of Rovigno ; com-
manding a flotilla on the Po, in co-operation with the
Austrian army ; sailing in the squadron which escorted
Louis XVIII. to his restored dominions in 1814, etc.
II. George, a Captain of Engineers; born 1796; died
i860. He married Caroline, daughter of Richard Watt,
1 66 The H<mse of Cromwell.
of Bishop Burton, Esq., and had two children : Richard,
an officer in the army, and Harriet. By his second wife,
Amelia, daughter of Francis Ramsden Hawkesworth, he
had Arthur, Francis, Alice, and Laura.
III. Charles, Prebendary of York ; married Lucy Eliza-
beth, daughter of Rev. Christopher Sykes.
IV. John, in the Artillery, E.I.C. His first wife
was Maria, daughter of Henry Thompson, of Burton,
Esq. By his second, Mary, daughter of Rev. D. R.
Roundell, he had : Charles, John, Caroline, Fanny, and
Gertrude.
V. Sarah, married in 1823 to Stephen Creyke, Arch-
deacon of York, and had issue : Walter Pennington,
Alexander Stephen, Alfred Richard, Caroline Julia, Diana
Jane, Gertrude Hotham.
VI. Charlotte, married to Robert Denison, Esq.
VII. Gertrude, married to Rev. Christopher Neville,
and had issue a daughter, Charlotte, 1831, and a son,
George, 1833.
VIII. Diana Caroline, married in 1841 to Henry
Alexander Brown, of Kingston Grove, Oxford.
IX. Harriet, married in 1833 to Sir John William
Lubbock, of Lamas, co. Norfolk, Bart., and had issue :
1. John, who succeeded to the baronetcy, M.P.
for Maidstone, F.R.S., D.C.L., Vice-Chancellor of
London University, Hon. Secretary of the London
bankers; married Ellen Frances, daughter of Rev.
Peter Hordern. Her children are: John Birkbeck,
1858; Norman, 1861 ; Rolfe Arthur, 1865; Amy
Harriet ; Constance Mary ; Gertrude ; Florence, who
died 1868.
2. Henry James, 1838.
3. Neville, 1839.
4. Beaumont William, 1840.
5. Montague, 1842.
6. Frederick, 1844.
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 167
7. Alfred, 1845.
8. Edgar, 1847.
9. Mary Harriet, married, 1857, *0 Robert Birk-
beck, Esq.
10. Diana Hotham, married, 1856, to William P.
Rodney, cousin of Lord Rodney.
n. Henrietta Harriet.
Family of Worsley.
Frances, second surviving daughter of Thomas Frank-
land, the second Baronet; married, in 1710, Thomas
Worsley, of Hovingham in Yorkshire, Esq. Worsley,
or Workesley, is a name derived from Sir Elias, Lord of
Worsley, near Manchester, at the time of the Conquest,
who accompanied Robert, Duke of Normandy, to the
Holy Land, and was buried at Rhodes.
By Frances Frankland, Mr. Worsley had two sons and
four daughters, as follows :
I. Thomas, his successor.
11. James, a clergyman; married Dorothy Penny-
man, and left four children : James, Ralph, Richard,
and Dorothy. A grandchild of Mr. James Worsley
was James Whyte Pennyman, of Ormesby Hall,
Yorkshire, and possibly other names might be success-
fully sought in that direction.
III. Mary, wife to Marmaduke Constable, of Was-
sand, of whom hereafter.
IV. Elizabeth, survived her husband, William
Slaenforth, Esq.
V. Katharine, unmarried.
VI. Frances, married to Sir Thomas Robinson,
Lord Grantham, of whom hereafter (page 171).
Mr. Thomas Worsley was succeeded by his eldest son,
Thomas, M.P., Surveyor-General of the Board of
Works under George III., from whom he received many
marks of favour. He rebuilt the family mansion, and
enriched it with a library and a gallery of paintings. By
i68 The House of Cromwell.
his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. J. Lister, he had,
besides two daughters, two sons, viz. :
Edward, his successor.
George, Rector of Stonegrave and Scawton, York-
shire ; married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Cayley,
of Brompton, Bart., and had fifteen children : (i) and
(2) George and Edward, died young ; (3) William,
succeeded his uncle ; (4) Marcus, married Miss Harriet
Hamer, and had issue ; (5) Thomas, Rector of Scaw-
ton ; (6) Frederick Cayley ; (7) Septimus Launcelot,
M.A. of Cambridge ; (8) Henry Francis, married
Catharine, daughter of B. Blackden, Esq., and had
issue; (9) Charles Valentine, barrister-at-law ; (10)
Arthur, of the 51st Regiment of Native Infantry in
India; (11) Digby Edmund; (12) Isabella, married
J. C. Blackden, Esq., and had several children ;
(13) Philadelphia, married William J. Coltman, M.A.,
Oxon. ; (14) Anne ; (15) Frances, married G. H.
Webber, Prebendary of Ripon.
Edward Worsley was the next heir, but, dying un-
married in 1830, was succeeded by his nephew,
William Worsley, M.A., St. John's College, Cam-
bridge ; many years in the Hussar Yeomanry Corps of his
relation, Lord de Grey, and a magistrate and Deputy-
Lieutenant in the North Riding. In 1827 he married
Sarah Philadelphia, daughter of Sir George Cayley, of
Brompton, Yorkshire, Bart., and had issue :
I. Thomas Robinson.
II. William Cayley.
III. Sophia Harriet.
IV. Arthington.
V. Katherine Louisa.
VI. Anna Barbara.
Family of Constable of Wassand.
Mary, eldest daughter of Frances Frankland and
Thomas Worsley (see page 167), married Marmaduke
Descendants of the Protector's Fourth Daughter. 169
Constable, of Wassand, near Hull, Esq. The " Wass-
and Constable " race have always held high position in the
northern counties. From Robert de Lacy Constable of
Chester, in 1206, down to Robert Constable of 1701,
twenty-eight members of the family have been High
Sheriffs of York. During the Civil War of Charles I.'s
time, the house of Constable, like many others, was a
divided one. Sir William, the Flamborough Baronet, and
the representative of the elder branch, sat for Knares-
borough in the Long Parliament, and, having married a
daughter of the house of Fairfax, became associated with
them in war. His personal hostility to the King's
measures, especially in the matter of ship-money, had
already resulted in imprisonment, and declared itself more
fully when he joined in signing the warrant for Charles's
execution. Judging by the large sums passing through
his hands, he must have been much in the Parliament's
confidence. In 1643 he was actually proposed for the
command-in-chief, under Fairfax. In 1648 he was one of
the Council of State. As a regicide, he was excepted out
of the Bill of Pardon, and, having died during the Pro-
tectorate, his estates fell under confiscation. On the other
hand, there are several of the Constables discernible
among the Royalists — to wit, Sir Philip of Everingham,
Sidney, William, Matthew, and John, besides " Ralph
Constable," whose composition-fine was £yo 13s. 4d. Of
the " Marmaduke Constable of Wassand " of that period,
nothing distinctive (beyond his marriage) is recorded.
The children of Mary Frankland by Mr. Constable were
as follows :
I. Marmaduke, his heir.
II. Thomas, a clergyman ; married Sarah, daughter of
Charles Goulton, Esq., and had :
1. Charles, heir to his uncle Marmaduke.
2. Marmaduke, married, 1807, Octavia, daughter
of General Hale ; no issue.
tjo The House of Cromwell.
3. Rachel Marian, married, 1808, James Salmond,
Esq. Their son Edward died s.p. 1821.
4. Frances Elizabeth, married, 1814, William
Bentinck, Prebendary of Westminster, eldest son of
Lord Edward Charles Cavendish Bentinck.
5. Sarah, died young.
III. Mary, married to Jonathan Acklom, of Wiseton,
Notts, Esq., by whom she had one son and four daughters,
viz. : Richard, Ann Elizabeth, Mary, Lucy — who mar-
ried her cousin Charles Constable, see below — and Rosa-
mund. The eldest daughter, Anne Elizabeth, was the
wife of Christopher Neville, of Thorney, and the mother of
two sons — Christopher and George — the elder of whom
married Gertrude, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Hotham,
of York, and had a daughter — Charlotte, 1831 — and a son
—George, 1833.
IV. Rosamund, died unmarried in 1801.
Mr. Constable, dying in 1762, aged fifty-eight, was suc-
ceeded by his elder son.
Marmaduke, who died unmarried in 1812, was suc-
ceeded by his nephew,
Charles, M.A., and a clergyman, also in the Commis-
sion of the Peace for the three Ridings of Yorkshire. On
succeeding to the family estates, he built a new house in
place of the mansion which had stood since 1530. He
married his cousin Lucy, daughter of Jonathan Acklom,
and had an only child — Mary — who in 1818 married
George, eldest son of Sir William Strickland, of Boynton,
Bart.
Family of Strickland.
Mr. George Strickland married Mary Constable
aforesaid, and in 1834 succeeded his father as seventh
Baronet. They had issue as follows :
I. Charles William, eighth Baronet.
II. Frederick, born 1820; died 1849.
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 7 1
III. Henry Strickland Constable, of Wassand, who
took by royal license the additional surname of Con-
stable ; married Cornelia Charlotte Anne, daughter of
Lieutenant-Colonel Henry and Lady Sophia Dumaresq
(see " Lanesborough " in the Peerage), and had issue :
1. Frederick Charles, i860.
2. Marmaduke.
3. Ethel.
4. Mary Sophia.
5. Rosamund.
6. Lucy Winifred.
IV. Lucy Henrietta, the wife of J. P. Marriott, after-
wards Goulton Constable of Cotesbach. They both died
in 1871.
Sir George Strickland died in 1S74, and was succeeded
by his eldest son,
Sir Charles William Strickland, eighth Baronet,
barrister-at-law ; born 1819 ; married first Georgina Selina
Septimia, daughter of Sir William Milner, of Nun-Apple-
ton, Bart., and by her, who died 1864, has a son — Walter
William. He married secondly Ann Elizabeth, daughter
of Rev. Christopher Neville, of Thorney, Notts, and has
issue :
I. Frederick, 1868.
II. Eustace Edward, 1870.
III. Henry, 1S73.
IV. Esther Anne.
Family of Robinson and titles of Grantham, De Grey,
Cowpcr, Godcrich, and Ripon.
Frances, fourth daughter of Thomas Worsley (see
page 167), married, about 1736, her cousin, Sir Thomas
Robinson, who after her decease became the first Baron
Grantham in the county of Lincoln. He was second son
to Sir Tancred Robinson, Rear-Admiral of the White, and
twice Lord Mayor of York. He commenced his political
172 The House of Cromwell.
career as Secretary to Sir Horace Walpole, when Am-
bassador in France, and attained his peerage in 1761.
His wife had died in 1750. Their children were :
I. Thomas, his successor.
II. Frederick, married Katharine Gertrude Harris,
sister to the first Earl of Malmesbury.
III. Theresa, married John Parker, first Lord
Boringdon, of whom hereafter.
Lord Grantham died in 1770, and was succeeded by
his elder son,
Thomas, second Baron Grantham ; married, in 1780,
Mary Jemima, second daughter and co-heiress of Philip
Yorke, second Earl Hardwicke, by Jemima, Marchioness
De Grey, and sister and heir - presumptive of Amabel,
Countess De Grey, by whom he left two sons, namely :
Thomas Philip, Earl De Grey (page 173).
Frederick John, Viscount Goderich and Earl Ripon,
who, with his lady, Sarah Louisa Albinia Hobart, only
daughter of Robert, fourth Earl of Bucks, inherited the
property of that nobleman. His children, besides a son
who died in infancy, were : George Frederick Samuel,
his successor, and Eleanor Henrietta Victoria, who
died young. Frederick John, born in London in 1782,
was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he
obtained Sir William Browne's medal for the best
Latin ode, and took his degree in the following year.
He began public life as secretary to his Tory relation,
Lord Hardwicke, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland,
till the death of Pitt made way for the coalition of
" All the Talents." On the appointment of the next
Ministry, that of the Duke of Portland, in 1807, Mr.
Robinson, as Member for Ripon (which he continued
to represent for twenty years), voted as a Tory,
and forthwith we find him Under-Secretary for the
Colonies in Mr. Perceval's Administration, from which
date he passed from one post of duty to another,
Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 1 73
always to a higher, giving evidence of versatile
capacity and plodding industry, till his utmost powers
were taxed as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
The part he played in the Corn-Law Bill led to
the attack on his house by a London mob in March,
1815. Almost his last public act was to move in
the House of Lords the second reading of Sir Robert
Peel's Bill of 1846, obliterating that measure, and
stultifying the doctrines and prophecies of thirty
years of Protection.
Thomas, second Baron Grantham, died in 1786, and
was succeeded by his elder son,
Thomas Philip, Earl De Grey, Baron Lucas of
Crudwell in Wilts, and Baron Grantham ; Commander
of the Yorkshire Hussars; Lord -Lieutenant and Custos
Rotulorum of Bedfordshire, in which county he inherited
the Wrest estate from his aunt, Amabel, Countess De
Grey ; and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland under Sir Robert
Peel's Administration, 1841-44. The Earl's political bias,
whatever it was, had not prevented him on a previous
occasion from advocating the cause of the oppressed.
This was in the matter of the judicial inquiry into the
conduct of George IV. 's Queen, Caroline of Brunswick,
when, as Lord Grantham, together with other peers, he
openly recorded his disapproval of the Bill of Pains and
Penalties, though put in execution by the Ministry of
which his brother, Frederick Robinson, was a member.
In private life Earl De Grey was a liberal patron of the
decorative sciences, and is said to have himself exhibited
skill as a painter. He certainly made an extensive
and tasteful collection of works of art. Of the various
portraits taken of him from time to time, a resemblance
to his ancestor, the Protector, seems traceable in the
quarto engraving after John Wood's picture, executed
when he must have been in the prime of life, though the
same can hardly be said of that by Sir Thomas Lawrence.
174 The House of Cromwell.
Earl De Grey married, in 1805, Henrietta Frances Cole,
daughter of William, first Earl of Enniskillen, and,
besides a son who died in infancy, had two surviving
daughters :
I. Anne Florence, Baroness Lucas ; married, in
1833, to George Augustus Frederick, sixth Earl
Cowper, of whom presently.
II. Mary Gertrude, married, in 1832, to Captain
Henry Vyner, of whom presently.
Earl De Grey died in 1859, when he was succeeded in
his barony of Lucas by his daughter, Lady Cowper, and
in his other titles by his nephew, the Earl of Ripon.
Sir George Frederick Samuel Robinson, born
1827; succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon and Viscount
Goderich, and his uncle as Earl De Grey, Baron Grantham,
and a Baronet. Previous to this he had been M.P. in
succession for Hull, Huddersfield, and the West Riding.
In 1859 he was Under-Secretary for War. He married
Henrietta Anne Theodosia, eldest daughter of Captain
Henry Vyner, and grand-daughter of the late Earl De
Grey, and had issue : Frederick Oliver, Lord De Grey,
born 1852 ; and Mary Sarah, who died in 1858.
Earldom of Cowper.
Anne Florence, elder daughter of Earl De Grey, who
married George Augustus Frederick, sixth Earl Cowper
and Lord- Lieutenant of Kent, had issue as follows :
I. Francis Thomas De Grey, who in 1856 succeeded
his father as seventh Earl, and also as a Prince of the
Holy Roman Empire. He subsequently married Katrine
Cecilia, daughter of Lord William Compton.
II. Henry Frederick, M.P. for Herts.
III. Henrietta Emily Mary, died 1853.
IV. Florence Amabel, married, in 1871, to the Hon.
Auberon Herbert.
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Datighter. 175
V. Adine Eliza Anne, married to Julian Fane, fourth
son of John, eleventh Earl of Westmoreland, and died
1868.
VI. Amabel, married, in 1873, to Lord Walter Kerr,
R.N., son of the late Marquis of Lothian, and has issue.
Family of Vyner.
Mary Gertrude, younger daughter of Earl De Grey,
was married in 1832 to Captain Henry Vyner, son of
Robert Vyner, of Gautby, and his wife, the Lady Theo-
dosia Maria Ashburnham, and had six children, as
follows :
I. Henry Frederick Clare, 1836, of Gautby, Lincoln-
shire ; Newby Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire ; and of Coombe
Hurst, Kingston, Surrey ; died on November 11, 1882.
II. Reginald Arthur, M.P. for Ripon ; died 1870.
III. Robert Charles, of Fairfield, Yorkshire; married,
1865, to Eleanor, daughter of Rev. Slingsby Duncombe
Shafto. His eldest daughter, Mary Evelyn, was married,
in 1886, to Lord Alwyne Compton, 10th Royal Hussars,
third son of the Marquis of Northampton. His younger
daughter, Violet Aline, was married in July, 1890, to Lord
Loughborough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn.
IV. Frederick Grantham, murdered by brigands in
Greece, April 21, 1870.*
V. Henrietta Anne Theodosia, present Marchioness of
* The Earl of Shaftesbury in his Diary thus alludes to this event :
"April 2$. — Three English gentlemen, among whom was Fred Vyner, the
son of my old friend, Lady Mary, have been captured and slain by brigands
near Athens. Cecil [Ashley] had intended to join the party to Marathon. A
special providence, God's interposing mercy, saved him from it. Had not the
steamer to Italy been ordered to sail the next day, he would have gone with
the rest, and have shared their fate.
il April 17. — This very dreadful event has seized hold of my imagination,
and haunts me day and night. O God, to whom vengeance belongeth, show
Thyself. The cruelty, the cowardice, the bloodthirstiness of the deed ! Poor
boy, poor dear boy ! Fred Vyner, so young, so gentle, and so handsome !"
176 The House of Cromwell.
Ripon, having married her cousin, Sir George Robinson,
afterwards Earl of Ripon and De Grey.
VI. Theodosia, Marchioness of Northampton; died 1864.
Family of Parker and titles of Boringdon and Morley.
Theresa, only daughter of Thomas, first Lord
Grantham, became, in 1769, the second wife of John
Parker, M.P. for the county of Devon, afterwards created
Baron Boringdon in that county. His children by Lady
Theresa were John, his successor, and a daughter,
Theresa, married to Hon. George Villiers, of whom pre-
sently. Lord Boringdon died 1788, and was succeeded
by his son,
John, born 1772 ; created Earl of Morley in 1815. He
married, first, Augusta, daughter of John, Earl of West-
moreland, by whom he had one son, who in 1816, at the
age of eleven, met his death at St. Maud, near Paris,
through inadvertently swallowing a stalk of rye.
Family of Villiers and titles of Hyde and Clarendon, Lytton
and Skelmersdale.
Theresa, only daughter of John, first Lord Boringdon,
married, in 1798, George, third son of Thomas Villiers
Earl of Clarendon, and died in 1855. Her children
were :
I. George William Frederick, successor to his uncle,
the third Earl of Clarendon.
II. Thomas Hyde, died 1832.
III. The Right Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers, born
1802 ; M.A. Cantab., barrister-at-law, late Judge- Advo-
cate-General, and a Privy Councillor ; President of the
Poor Law Board, 1859 > M.P. for Wolverhampton ever
since 1835; Deputy -Lieutenant for Herts. Finally —
and here his fame principally rests — he was chairman of
the memorable Anti-Corn-Law League. While Colonel
Thompson, Dr. Bowring, George Wilson, Richard Cobden,
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. \ yj
and John Bright worked the question out of doors, to
Mr. Villiers was assigned the more trying task of righting
the battle of Free Trade against his own order — against
the entire aristocratic phalanx, whether Whig or Tory.
While, therefore, we wonder not that, as the reward of
his well-sustained fortitude, he should ever enjoy a fixed
and abiding place in the esteem of the mercantile classes
and in the affections of the labouring classes, it were
equally true to add that his merits have long received the
like homage from eminent members of his own class. In
the summer of 1879 a colossal statue of the veteran states-
man was erected in the town which he had represented
for forty-four years.
IV. Edward Ernest, born 1806; married, in 1835, to
Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell, fifth daughter of Lord Ravens-
worth, and died 1843, leaving issue :
I. Ernest, born 1838.
II. Maria Theresa; married, 1864, to Captain
Earl, of the Rifle Brigade.
III. and IV. Edith and Elizabeth, twins. Edith
married Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, of whom pre-
sently (page 181).
V. Henry Montague, D.D., of Christchurch, Oxon.,
born in 1S13. Lord Chancellor Cottenham presented
him to the vicarage of Kenilworth, and when Dr. T.
Vowler Short was advanced to the bishopric of Sodor and
Man, Dr. Villiers succeeded Dr. Short at St. George's,
Bloomsbury. In 1847 ne was nominated by Lord John
Russell, then Prime Minister, to a canon-residentiary in
St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1856 Lord Palmerston advanced
him to the bishopric of Carlisle, his promotion culminating
at Durham, when Dr. Longley attained the archbishopric
of York. The money value of Durham was then estimated
at £8,000 a year, with considerable patronage attached.
He married, in 1837, Amelia Maria, eldest daughter of
12
178 The House of Cromwell.
William Hulton, of Hulton Park, Lancashire, and had
issue :
1. Henry Montague, M.A., Rector of St. Paul's
Church, Wilton Place, London ; married Victoria,
second daughter of Earl Russell, and has : Henry
Montague, John Russell, Thomas Lister, another
son ; Frances Adelaide, Gwendolen Mary, Rhoda
Victoria, Margaret Evelyn, Dorothy, Mabel Agatha,
Katharine Helen.
2. Frederick Ernest, born 1840.
3. Amy Maria, married the Rev. Edward Cheese.
4. Gertrude Fanny.
5. Mary Agneta.
6. Evelyn Theresa.
VI. Augustus Algernon, of the Royal Navy; died
1834.
VII. Maria Theresa, married, in 1830, to Thomas
Henry Lister, Esq., of Armitage Park, co. Stafford. Mr.
Lister dying in 1842, his widow remarried Sir George
Cornewall Lewis. The children of her first marriage were :
1. The Hon. Thomas Villiers Lister, of Armitage
Hill, Sunninghill, and 61, Eaton Square ; born 1832 ;
married, first, Fanny Harriet, daughter of William
Coryton, Esq., of Pentillie, in Cornwall, and had:
George Coryton, 1863, with three other sons and
three daughters. He married, secondly, 1877, Florence
Selina, daughter of William John Hamilton, Esq.,
and has a daughter. Mr. Lister, who was educated
at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A.
1853), is a Deputy-Lieutenant for co. Radnor, and
Assistant - Under - Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs.
2. Maria Theresa, married Mr. (now Sir) William
Vernon Harcourt, M.P., and died 1863, leaving one
son, Lewis Reginald.
Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. i79
3- Alice Beatrice, married Algernon Borthwick
Esq., of 60, Eaton Place, who was knighted in 1880'
made a peer in 1895, and has two children
The Lister family is one of long standing and celebrity
in the Northern counties, whose senior branch, now repre-
sented by Lord Ribblesdale, is repnted to have been
seated at Gisburn, ,n the West Riding, for five centuries
or more. During the period of the great Civil War, their
leading members were prominent as patriots
Ba?oEn° H^W,LfLHM J^™™' Earl <* Clarendon and
Baron Hyde, of Hindon, in Wilts, K.G., G.C.B P C
•U.C.L.; born m 1800; succeeded as fourth Earl on the
decease of his uncle in !838 (page i76). From an earlv
period Mr. Villiers selected diplomacy as his spec il
sphere being only twenty }-ears old when he was attached
to the Embassy at Constantinople. After the second
Revolution in France of ,830, he went to that counrrv to
arrange a commercial treaty, and became still mTe co !
spumous by his residence in Spain as Lord Grey's Envoy
during the period of the civil war between the CaS
and ,he Chnstinos. He never concealed his preference
for the people's party, and when the success of the
Christines had confirmed his own popularity, he used
the influence so acquired for the advancement of liberty
sabe^r TS '" tHe merC eStablis""-nt of Ouee
Isabellas throne, negotiating, among other schenie, "
"a/ in Geo T effretUa' SUPPreSSi°n °f <"™
s rec0rded ofTr0WS "BiWe in Spain'" ™ in^»ce
iff ,n" M P Pr°mr r,'idtUde f° re'ieVC indi»d-'
rt I Mr- Borrow had been thrown into prison bv
Bib,lPanHea:n "■ T f°r rn!ng a Sh°P "saeof
Mr Vdlie ' PPe, ,'° ^ English ^ba^ador, and
Mr Villiers immediately paid him a visit, heard his own
explanation of the affair, and then, hastening o 7he
fr:;: surd- at on,cc proc,,red ■* --«
release. Succeeding to the earldom, he came to England
180 The House of Cromwell.
in 1839 to take his place in the House of Peers, and, as
Lord Privy Seal, to strengthen the Melbourne Administra-
tion ; but the days of that Cabinet were already numbered,
and the advent of Sir Robert Peel shut him out of office
for another five years. But the interval was well im-
proved. He performed, in conjunction with his brother
Charles, the chairman of the Anti-Corn-Law League,
a very important part in furthering Sir Robert Peel's
Corn-Law Repeal Bill of 1846, and the dislocation
of the Conservative Party consequent on that measure
made way for the return of the Whigs. And now Lord
Clarendon, as Viceroy of Ireland, had to take part in
another civil war, though on a much smaller scale than
that in Spain.
From the Earl's triumphs in Ireland, we pass on to
his important Embassy in France during the Crimean
War.
The post of Ambassador to France brought into requisi-
tion all the experiences of his past life, to which the suavity
of his manners and the goodness of his heart were, under
the circumstances of the hour, added qualifications of the
utmost value. If it were too much to say that no other
Englishman could have supplied his place, it will probably
be admitted that none could more ably have forwarded the
views of Napoleon III. Whether or not he was constitu-
tionally in love with the policy which united us to France
is a matter of doubt.
Lord Clarendon's latest appointment to office was under
Mr. Gladstone, in 1868, and his death eighteen months
after was felt to be a great blow to the stability of that
Cabinet. He married, in 1839, Lady Katharine, daughter
of Walter James, first Earl of Verulam, and widow of
John Barham, of Stockbridge, by whom (who died 1874)
he had :
1. Edward Hyde, died in infancy.
2. Edward Hyde, fifth Earl.
Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 81
3. George Patrick Hyde, born 1847 ; Captain, Grenadier
Guards ; Military Secretary to Lord Lytton in India,
holding a staff appointment in the Afghan Expedition of
1878.
4. Francis Hyde, married, 1876, Virginia Katharine,
second daughter of Eric Carrington Smith, Esq.
5. Constance, married, 1864, to Frederick Arthur, the
younger son of Edward, fourteenth Earl of Derby, and has
issue : Edward George Villiers, Victor Albert, Geoffrey
and Arthur — twins, Geoffrey dying in infancy — Ferdinand
Charles, Katharine Mary, and others.
6. Alice ; married, i860, to Edward Bootle Wilbra-
ham, Baron Skelmersdale, of Lancashire, and had issue :
Edward George, Villiers Richard, Randle Arthur, Reginald
Francis, Alice Maud, Constance Adela, Florence Mary,
Bertha Mable, Edith Cecil.
7. Emily Theresa, married, 1868, to Odo William
Leopold Russell, Baron Ampthill of Ampthill, third son
of the late Major-General Lord George William Russell,
G.C.B. Lord Ampthill died in August, 1884, in Berlin,
where he was then British Ambassador to Germany,
and had issue : Arthur Oliver Villiers, born at Rome,
1870 ; Victor Alexander Frederick and Alexander Victor
Frederick, twins ; Constance Evelyn Villiers.
8. Florence Margaret, died in infancy.
His lordship died in 1870, and was succeeded by his
eldest son,
Edward Hyde Villiers, fifth Earl of Clarendon and
Baron Hyde ; an officer in the South Herts Yeomanry
Cavalry ; M.P. for Brecon, 1869. Born 1846 ; married,
1876, to the Lady Caroline Elizabeth Agar Ellis, eldest
daughter of the Earl of Normanton, and has issue : George
Herbert Hyde, born 1877. The earldom of Clarendon is
a branch of the earldom of Jersey, but derived maternally
from the Lord Chancellor Clarendon of the Civil War
period.
1 82 The House of Cromwell.
Barony of Lytton.
Edith, second daughter of Edward Ernest Villiers (see
page 177) ; married, in 1864, Sir Edward Robert Lytton
Bulwer-Lytton (only son of the first Baron Lytton, of
Knebworth, in Herts), late Minister at Lisbon, and Viceroy
of India in 1876. In the following year the Queen con-
ferred on him the Grand Cross of the Civil Division of the
Order of the Bath. His children are :
I. Rowland Edward, died in infancy.
II. Henry Meredith Edward, died young.
III. A son born at Simla in 1876.
IV. Elizabeth Edith.
V. Constance Georgina.
VI. Emily.
His father, the first Lord Lytton, distinguished as a
novelist, a poet, and an orator, was buried in Westminster
Abbey in 1873. Sir William Lytton, of Knebworth, M.P.
for Herts in the Long Parliament, was one of the Com-
missioners to treat with King Charles at Uxbridge.
CHAPTER XII.
THE YOUNGER SONS OF SIR HENRY CROMWELL, THE
GRANDFATHER OF THE LORD PROTECTOR OLIVER, AND
HIS BROTHERS AND SISTERS.
THE descendants of Sir Henry Cromwell — "the
Golden Knight," as he was termed on account of
his lavish generosity and hospitality — having
been traced through his two sons, Sir Oliver
and Mr. Robert Cromwell, it will now be convenient to
add a brief account of the other three sons of Sir Henry,
namely, Henry, Richard, and Philip. From the Register
of the University of Oxford, printed by the Oxford Histori-
cal Society, we learn that each of these gentlemen had the
advantage of an education at the University of Oxford.
Henry, third son of Sir Henry, at the age of fifteen
was matriculated at St. John's College, in 1581, and was
admitted Fellow in 1588, after having taken the degree of
B.C.L. He resided on his patrimony at Upwood, was
a Justice of the Peace, and was returned as member for
the borough of Huntingdon in the first Parliament called
by James I. As a sign of his interest in the public welfare,
we are told that he was one of the "adventurers" who
subscribed their money for the colonization of the infant
colony of Virginia. He died in 1630, leaving one son —
Richard — who died without male issue in 1626, and was
buried at Upwood.
184 The House of Cromwell.
Richard, fourth son of Sir Henry, at the age of
fifteen was matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, in
1587, and admitted to the degree of B.A. in 1590. On the
authority of Willis's Not. Parlem. we are told by Noble
(vol. i. 30) that this Richard Cromwell was member for
the borough of Lostwithiel in Cornwall, in the forty-third
year of Queen Elizabeth. How he became connected with
so distant a part of the country, we are left to conjecture ;
and it is just possible that Willis may have made a mis-
take, and may have confounded this Richard Cromwell
with another of the same name in Wiltshire, who matricu-
lated, in 1581, at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He is supposed
to have left no child, as his landed property passed at his
death, in 1628, to his nephew Oliver, afterwards the Lord
Protector.
Philip, fifth son of Sir Henry, at the age of fourteen
was matriculated, in 1592, at Brasenose College, like his
brother Richard, and in 1599 was admitted at St. John's
College to the degree of B.C.L. That old Sir Henry
should thus have sent three of his sons to the University
may be accepted as some indication that he did not
undervalue for his children the benefits of a sound educa-
tion. After leaving the University, Philip seems to have
settled down into the position of a country gentleman,
and to have resided on his estate at Biggin, between Ram-
say and Upwood, in Hunts. He was knighted by James I.,
at Whitehall, in 1604, and died in 1629, leaving behind
him five sons and three daughters. Three of these sons
fought in the Civil War, two of them — Philip and Oliver
— on the side of the Parliament, and one — Thomas — on the
side of the King, thus illustrating the terrible nature of a
Civil War, when brothers have to draw the sword against
each other on the field of battle.
1. Philip was wounded at the siege of Bristol, and
died of his wounds (1645). 2. Oliver, after seeing service
in England, accompanied his cousin, the Protector, to
Descendants of Sir Henry Cromwell. 185
Ireland, in command of a regiment, and there died in
1649.
3. Thomas espoused the King's cause on the outbreak
of the Civil War, and passed through it in safety. He left
one son — Henry — whose chief claim to be remembered by
posterity is that he was numbered amongst the friends and
correspondents of Alexander Pope. Pope's letters to
Henry Cromwell may be read in his correspondence.
Nothing more is known about him — whether married or
not.
4. Richard, youngest son of Sir Philip Cromwell, appears
to have succeeded in keeping out of service in the Civil
War, and at the Restoration showed his dislike of the
Protector's memory and all his doings by quietly abandon-
ing the name of Cromwell, and resuming the name of
Williams. He died in 1661, and was buried at Ramsay.
The Brothers and Sisters of the Lord Protector.
Oliver had two brothers, Henry and Robert, both of
whom died in infancy, and seven sisters : Joan, Elizabeth,
Catharine, Margaret, Anna, Jane, and Robina. Of these,
Joan, born in 1598, died at the age of eight. Of the other
six who reached maturity a brief account here follows :
Elizabeth Cromwell, born in 1593 ; died unmarried
in 1672, and was buried within the Communion-rails of the
chancel of Wicken. An interesting letter to her finds its
place in the last edition of " Cromwell's Letters and
Speeches." Mr. Carlyle thus introduces it : "By accident
another curious glimpse into the Cromwell family. Sister
Elizabeth, of whom, except the date of her birth, and that
she died unmarried, almost nothing is known, comes
visibly to light here — living at Ely, in very truth, as
Noble had guessed she did, quietly boarded at some
friendly doctor's there, in the scene and among the
people always familiar to her. She is six years older
than Oliver — now and then hears from him, we are glad
1 86 The House of Cromwell.
to see, and receives small tokens of his love of a sub-
stantial kind. For the rest, sad news in this letter : son
Ireton is dead of fever in Ireland. The tidings reached
London just a week ago.
" For my dear Sister Mrs. Elizabeth Cromwell, at Dr.
Richard Stand's house at Ely. These.
" Cockpit,
" 15 Dec, 1651.
" Dear Sister,
" I have received divers letters from you. I must
desire you to excuse my not writing so often as you expect.
My burden is not ordinary, nor are my weaknesses a few,
to go through therewith ; but I have hope in a better
strength. I have herewith sent you Twenty pounds as a
small token of my love. I hope I shall be mindful of you.
I wish you and I may have our rest and satisfaction where
all saints have theirs. What is of this world will be found
transitory, a clear evidence whereof is my son Ireton's death.
" I rest, dear Sister,
"Your affectionate brother,
" Oliver Cromwell.
" P.S. — My Mother, wife, and your friends here re-
member their loves."
Catharine Cromwell, the Protector's third sister,
born 1597, married Roger Whitstone (descended from a
Peterborough family), who served in the British forces in
the pay of Holland, where also most of her children were
born, and where he himself is supposed to have died some
time before his brother-in-law's rise to power. The widow
and her children then returned to England, Henry, the
eldest of them, serving as a sea-captain under Admiral
Stokes. But neither he nor his three brothers appear to
have left descendants, and the same must be said of their
sister Levina, who in 1655 was married to Major Richard
The Sisters of Oliver Cromzvell. 187
Beke, of Buckinghamshire. This lady is referred to as
being near death, in the postscript of a letter by Lord
Fauconberg. From another document here following,
we gather that, on the Whitstone family returning from
abroad, the widow and her daughter Levina shared for
some time the dwelling-house of her brother Oliver at the
Cockpit, and in that document Mrs. Whitstone is stated
to have been "his best-beloved sister."
Among the troops of petitioners besieging the throne of
the restored Charles figures Lady Baker (widow of Sir
Thomas Baker, of Exeter), who, while recounting the
sacrifices which she and her husband had made during the
wars, indulges in a long narrative touching her own corre-
spondence with the Cromwell family, undertaken, as she
represents, solely with a view to plead the King's cause.
She had commenced proceedings by forming the acquaint-
ance of Mrs. Whitstone, " Cromwell's best - beloved
sister," at the time when the family was living at the
Cockpit, in Westminster, in order to obtain through her
means a personal interview with her brother, expressing to
her dear friend the confident hope that, if she could only
get speech of my Lord General, she doubted not to render
him the happiest man alive. In pursuance of this object,
she was so far successful on one occasion as to induce
Mrs. Whitstone to carry a request in to her brother, who
was no farther off than in an adjoining room ; but Mrs.
Whitstone, after a talk with him, came back with tears in
her eyes, saying that he was the dearest brother in the
world, and she would never forgive herself if through her
means any injury should befall him — in short, my Lady
Baker was given to understand that many thought her a
dangerous person, an insinuation which she repelled with
laughter, asking whether they thought that, because she
was a big woman, she must therefore be full of ammuni-
tion. Henry Cromwell now enters the room, desiring to
know the object of the lady's mission, and, after a renewed
1 88 The House of Cromwell.
colloquy with his father, revives her hopes of a personal
audience. But a personal audience is not yet attainable ;
her benevolent solicitude is again met with a message of
dismissal, and a recommendation to put her thoughts
upon paper ; and so ended this experimental visit. But
shortly afterwards she again waited, by appointment, on
Mrs. Cromwell at the Cockpit, and begged Mrs. Whit-
stone's daughter to announce her arrival. Mrs. Crom-
well, who had not yet left her private apartments, returned
answer that it was out of no disrespect to Lady Baker that
she was not up ready to receive her, but the fact was that
she and her lord had not slept that night ; she would, never-
theless, let him know that Lady Baker was come. The
long-looked-for opportunity seemed now at last within
reach ; but, alas ! instead of my Lord General coming
forward to greet her, he was represented by two of his
officers — to wit, Pickering and Fiennes — to whom, of
course, she stoutly refused to give any explanation. She
had not come to see them, and she had nothing to com-
municate. Mrs. Whitstone now urgently recommended
her departure, suggesting that very possibly there might
be something brewing against her. Lady Baker, scorning
to be supposed accessible to fear while in the discharge of
her duty, was proceeding to walk into the garden, where
she found her progress again checked by a guard of
musketeers, and it required more than one additional
messenger yet to persuade her to quit the premises.
It could not have been long after this affair that the
widow Whitstone married Colonel John Jones, one of the
regicides who suffered the penalty of high treason on the
King's return, from and after which event the lady also
sinks out of history. Mark Noble observes respecting
her : " She is said to have been very unlike to her brother,
the Protector."
Margaret Cromwell, the Protector's fourth sister,
born 1601, was married to Colonel Valentine Wauton (or
The Sisters of Oliver Cromwell. 189
Walton), of Great Stoughton, co. Hunts, a member of a
family which for generations back had been in cordial
alliance with the Cromwells, and by this marriage the old
friendship seemed more than ever confirmed. In one
respect only — namely, in silent disapproval of the Pro-
tectorate— did Wauton's friendship suffer abatement. On
the return of royalism, Colonel Wauton, as having been
one of the most impetuous of the late King's judges, could,
of course, expect no mercy, and he accordingly retired to
some spot in the Low Countries, where he died in the
following year, the victim, as was supposed, of disappoint-
ment, anxiety, and dread. His first wife, Margaret Crom-
well, had been long dead, and his children must have found
themselves great sufferers by the total confiscation of their
father's estates. These children appear to have been :
(1) George, born 1620, died in infancy ; (2) Valentine,
born 1623; (3) another George, slain at Marston Moor;
(4) Robert, a London mercer, ruined by a contract to
supply nearly £7,000 worth of cloth at Oliver's funeral ;
he married a daughter of Colonel Pride ; (5) Anna, born
1622 ; and perhaps (6) Lieutenant Ralph Wauton, who
fell in Scotland serving under General Monk.
Anna Cromwell, the Protector's fifth sister, born
in 1603, was married to John Sewster, of Wistow, co.
Hunts, Esq., and was buried at Wistow in 1646, her
husband surviving her thirty-six years. They were a quiet,
unambitious race, and the "particular regard" which the
Protector entertained towards them was no doubt based
upon the Puritanism common to both houses. The chil-
dren, six in number, were: (1) John, of whom presently ;
(2) Robert, buried at Wistow, 1705 ; (3) Lucy, 1631 ;
(4) Robina, named after her aunt, became the wife of Mr.
Ambassador Lockhart ; (5) Catharine, died in infancy,
1642 ; (6) Anna, died in infancy, 1647.
John Sewster, eldest son and heir, died in 16S0 (the
year before his father), leaving two daughters, who both
190 The House of Cromwell.
married, but had no issue. The family pictures descended
to Mr. Cowley, of Fenny-Stanton.
Jane Cromwell, the sixth sister of the Protector
Oliver, born in 1606, married, 1636, John Disbrowe, after-
wards one of the Major-Generals of the Protectorate, and
a member of the Upper House. The family was seated at
Eltisley, co. Cambs, and were very prominent Puritans in
matters both ecclesiastical and civil. John Disbrowe was
stoutly opposed to his brother-in-law's acceptance of the
kingly title ; he was also a main agent in upsetting the
Protector Richard. At the Restoration he went abroad,
but was summoned back by the proclamation of 1665,
requiring certain refugees to report themselves. He lived
to exult in the Revolution of 1688, which virtually banished
the Stuart race ; and it is thought that after the death of
his wife, Jane Cromwell, he married a second time.
Lady Jane Disbrowe is believed to have died about the
year 1656, as various letters from her husband at that
period, while he was executing his major-generalship in
Wiltshire, refer to her failing health, and solicit permission
to return home.
Robina Cromwell, the Protector's seventh and
youngest sister, was married to Dr. Peter French, a
Puritan divine, Canon of Christchurch, Oxford, who died
in 1655 during the dominion of his brother-in-law. In
the following year she became the wife of another divine,
the learned and eccentric Dr. John Wilkins, afterwards
Bishop of Chester ; time of her death unknown. By her
first marriage she had one daughter, Elizabeth, married
in 1664 to John Tillotson, afterwards Archbishop of Can-
terbury. The prelate's children were' three in number :
(1) A son who died in early manhood ; (2) Elizabeth, died
unmarried, 1681 ; (3) Mary, married to James Chadwick,
of Wanstead, Esq., and had issue : George, John, and
Mary. Of these last three, George left one son, Evelyn ;
and Mary, as the wife of Edward Fowler, son of Bishop
Wills and Registers. 191
Fowler of Gloucester, had two daughters, Anna Maria and
Elizabeth.
Wills and Registers.
It appears, upon a review of the family history, that the
Lord Protector had ten male cousins, many of them
stanch Royalists, righting and dying for their King. Only
two of those ten cousins left a son each. Both of these
sons bore the favourite family name of Henry, and both
of them died, so far as is known, without issue — one
in 1673, and the other in 1712 — if we may place reliance
upon the statements made by the Rev. Mark Noble in his
" Memoirs of the House of Cromwell." It is possible that
he may have failed to trace quite accurately the history of
those ten cousins of the Protector, and that from some of
them may have descended one or more of those persons
who, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, lived
and died in London, and bore the name of Cromwell. The
registers of the old burial-ground in Bunhill Fields,* now
* Extracts from Registers of Burials in Bunhill Fields.
... Mr. Cromwell's child fr. St. Sepulchre's.
... Mr. Cromwell's child fr. Bartlett's Buildings.
... Mrs. Cromwell fr. Hamstid (sic).
... Mrs. C. fr. St. George the Martyr.
(She was the wife of Major Hy. Cromwell.)
... Mr. C.'s child fr. St. Sepulchre's.
... Mrs. C. fr. Snowhill.
Mr. C.'s child fr. Lingon's Fields (sic).
... Mr. C.'s child fr. Grasinlane (sic).
... Mr. Oliver C. fr. Holeborn (sic).
Mr. C. fr. Bridgwater Square.
... Mr. C. from Bocking in Essex.
... Miss C. fr. Paternoster Row.
... Mrs. Sarah C. from Hamstid.
... Edward Cromwell Esqr. fr. Hamstid.
... Mr. Rob. C. fr. Cheshunt.
... Mr. Henry C. fr. " Bartolmew " Close.
... Mr. Henry C. fr. the Old Bailey.
... Wm. C. Esqr. fr. "Holeborn."
... Mr. C.'s child from St. Antlins.
Miss C. fr. " Barkhamstead."
... Mr. Oliver C. fr. the Strand.
1727.
Oct.
18.
1728.
Feb.
27.
1731-
July
16.
1732.
Ap.
1.
1733-
May
iS.
173^-
Ap.
14.
1741.
May
8.
1741.
Jn.
23-
1748.
Aug.
1 1.
174S.
Oct.
16.
1752.
Mar.
'3-
1/53-
Jiy.
25-
I759-
May
2.
1759-
Dec.
10.
1762.
Feb.
24.
1769.
Jan.
12.
1772.
Feb.
5-
1772.
July
•5-
1772.
July
22.
1777-
Oct.
8.
17S5-
Ap.
22.
ig2 The House of Cromwell.
kept at Somerset House, and the various registers of the
city and "suburbs of London,* contain numerous entries
of that name. The name is also found four or five
times upon the Deed Poll of the Livery Voters in the
City of Londonf in the early years of the eighteenth
1789. Nov. 25. ... Miss L. Cromwell fr. Hampstead.
181 3. Feb. 8. ... Mary C fr. Ponder's End (age 108).
1834. March 7. ... Susannah C. fr. Plamstead End (age 89).
* Extracts from Various London Parish Registers.
1 701. John C, son of John, bap. at St. James's, Clerkenwell.
1707. John C, son of John, buried at St. Mary Aldermanbury.
1 710. Chas. C. buried at St. Botolph's.
1 71 1. Jane C. married at St. Dioni's to Chas. Faethr.
1 71 8. John C. buried at St. Mary Aldermanbury.
1 7 19. Elizabeth C. buried ditto.
1741. Eliz. C. daughter of James and Joanna bap. at Mr. Keith's Chapel, May
Fair.
1743. Oliver C. (a boy) buried at St. James, Clerkenwell.
1746. James C. (a boy) ditto.
1779. Sophia bap. at St. Sepulchre's, Newgate.
1 779. Mary C. married at St. George's, Hanover Square, to Robert Lowe.
+ Extracts from the Deed Poll of Livery Voters in the
City of London.
1700. Francis Cromwell, Citizen and Goldsmith.
1700. Henry Cromwell, Plaisterer.
1 7 10. Willm. Cromwell, Citizen and Baker.
1 7 10. Jonathan Cromwell, Scrivener.
Copy of a Certificate from Register of the Masons' Company,
London.
William Cromwell of London, Mason was admitted into the Freedom afore-
said and sworn in the Mayoralty of Thos. IVright Esqr Mayor zn<\John Wilkes
Esq1" Chamberlain and is entered in the book signed with the letter A relating
to the Purchasing of Freedoms and the Admissions of Freemen (to wit) The
4th day of April in the 26th Year of the Reign of King George the Third And
in the Year of our Lord 1786 In Witness whereof the Seal of the Office of
Chamberlain of the said City is hereunto affixed dated in the Chamber of the
Guild- hall of the same City the day and year aforesaid.
Countersigned with the initials J. W.
IV ills and Registers. 193
century. One of them was a citizen and goldsmith,
another a plasterer, another a baker, another a scrivener,
and another a mason. In Chester's " London Marriage
Licenses "* also may be found five or six entries in
the seventeenth century ; and in Phillimore's " Note-
book of London and Middlesex"! some interesting in-
formation about the family is contained. The Register
of Gray's Inn} shows that eight or nine members of the
family were at various times enrolled in that home of legal
learning. The first was Thomas Cromwell, who after-
wards became Earl of Essex, and for a time the greatest
man in England under Henry VII.
* Extracts from Chester's "London Marriage Licenses."
1661. John Cromwell of Eling married Joan Bennett.
1663. George C. of Eling married Elizabeth Bolles.
16S6. Clement C. of St. Dunstan's married Christina Stanniford.
1700. John C. of St. Mary Abchurch married Elizabeth Aston.
1702. Robert C. of Kensington, widower, married Margaret Benton.
f Extracts from Phillimore's " Notebook of London and
Middlesex."
Walter Cromwell of Ealing, yeoman, by his Will dated July 16, 1668, devised
Hangers to his son, John, and to his Wife ^40 a year. To the Poor of Ealing
he bequeathed /io a year.
In Feltham Churchyard are several monuments to this family.
Mr. Joseph Cromwell, brewer and maltster of Hammersmith, died Nov. 4,
1S16, aged 70.
Mr. Geo. Cromwell died July 25, 1825, aged 85.
Jas. Cromwell, Esqr., brewer and maltster of Hammersmith, died June 3,
1S41, aged 89.
J Extracts from the Admission Register of Cray's Inn.
1524. Thomas Cromwell (afterwards Earl of Essex).
1561. Francis C. (probably son of Sir Richard).
1609. Giles C. of Westerham, Kent.
1620. Henry C. son of Sir Philip of Ramsey.
1654. Henry C. son of the Protector.
1703. Oliver C. son of Henry of St. Andrew's, Holborn.
1709. Samuel C. son of Samuel of Mansfield, Doctor of Medicine.
1747. Richard C. of St. Andrew's, Holborn.
1S06. Oliver C. son of Thomas of Enfield.
13
194 The House of Cromwell.
The wills proved in the Prerogative Court of Canter-
bury,* and the wills at Somerset House,-}- are full of
interest, the earliest carrying us back to the time of
Henry VI., and the latest bringing us down to George III.'s
reign. When the eye glances over these various records
of the past, one is inevitably led to the conclusion that
long before the days of Oliver Cromwell there were in
and around London not a few persons who bore the same
surname. We know that John Cromwell, who died at
Lambeth in 1523, left sons ; and probably they married
and left progeny.
Passing from London to York, % we shall find some very
* Wills proved in Prerogative Court of Canterbury.
A.D.
1455. Rolph, Lord Cromwell of Tattershall.
I523- John Cromwell of St. Mary's, Lambeth.
1534. Maude Cromwell of St. Mildred, Poultry.
1546. Sir Rd. Cromwell, alias Williams (sic) of Hinchinbrook in the county
of Huntingdon.
(He was the nephew of Thomas, Earl of Essex.)
t Wills at Somerset House.
1748. Thos. C. : his Executors his Brothers Wm. and Henry. He left a son
Henry. Affidavit to Will sworn by Rd. Cromwell.
1772. Ann Cromwell, from " Herts " (sic).
1779. Geo. C. of Feltham, yeoman : left sons Geo. and Wm.
J Extracts from Wills at the Registry, York.
William Cromewell of lownde. Will dated 26 July 1525 ; proved 12
October 1525. My bodie to be buried in the church of Sutton of Saint
Bartilmowe within the belhouse, and the church to have iijs iiijd. To my
broder Rchard Cromewell. To ych on' of my sisters a shepe. Residue to my
. . . Cecilie my executrix. Supervisors, Ric. Cromwell my fader and John
Atkinson. Witnesses, Vicar of Sutton, John pecke yonger, and Ric. Crowme-
well, with others. (Vol. 9, folio 323.)
Richard Cromewell of Sutton. Will dated 18 December 1528; proved
7 May 1529. My bodie to be buried in the church of Sutton of Sainte
Bartilmowe. To our ladie of Southwell ijd. To Sutton church Beldyng ijs.
To my iij doughters. To Jenet pynchebeke. To ich on' of my childer
childer. To Thomas and henry Cromewell my brether childer. To my
broder Roberte. Residue to Richard Cromewell my sone. William dpyng
dann' and John Atkynson my executors. Witnesses, William hawmond, vicar
of Sutton, Thomas Colby the elder, and William fedean. (Vol. 9, folio
396)
Wills and Registers. 195
quaint entries of wills made by persons who bore the name
of Cromwell. They all belong to the first half of the
sixteenth century.
But it is in the West of England that we shall find a
greater number of representatives of the name from the
sixteenth century onwards.
In the neighbourhood of Devizes and of Bath, the
registers of several parish churches have been searched,
with the result of showing that from the sixteenth century
downwards many persons bearing this name lived there.
For example, in the parish register of All Cannings, near
Devizes,* we find three entries in the sixteenth century.
Henrie Cromrwell of Sutton opon loundc. Will dated 4 November
1546; proved 5 May 1547. My bodie to be buried within the churche yerde
of Sainte Barthilmewe of Sutton. To Thomas Cromewell my son. To
dorothie my doughter. Residue to Isabell my wif my executrix. -Supervisor,
Thomas Cromewell my broder. Witnesses, Thomas Cromewell, husbandman,
Will'm kendall, and John Preston. (Vol. 13, folio 322.)
Alexander Cromewell of Moregaite in p'ish of Clareborough. Will
dated 8 Aprile 1550 ; proved 9 October 1550. My bodie to be buried within
the churche yerde of Clareborough.1 To Thomas Johnson dwellinge at
Bolsore. To Tohn my sone. To Agnes my doughter. To the poore folks at
the daie of my buriall viijd. To Jennett Cromwell and to Elizabeth Cromwell
my doughters. Residue and make them my executors. Supervisors, Thomas
Cromwell my brother and Thomas Cromwell my cousin. Witnesses, Sir
William Carre, prest, Roger Bramston, Roberte Spenser, Will'm hides the
clerke, with other moo'. (Vol. 13, folio 665.)
Thomas Ckowmwei.l of morhous. Will dated 28 August 1558; proved
13 October 1558. To the me'ding of morhouse chappell iijs iiijd. To the pore
folks in Laxton & morhous iijs iiijd. To Will'm browne. To Jasper Sainpall.
To leonard Wilson my servant. To barbara temple, Will'm pomfrett, and
Dorothe Flyntham. To barbara my wife all my messuage in morhows with all
the lands, etc., as they lye in the towne and Feilds in the lordshippes of
Laxton and Ossington.- Residue to barbara my wife my sole executrix.
Witnesses, Sir hugh pullan, vicar of Laxton, Christopher bettnay, George
pullaine, and Will'm browne. (Vol. 15, part ii., folio 364.)
* From the Parish ok All Cannings, Co. Wilts.
Maria Cromwell, filia Johan' Cromwell baptisata 8 Oct. 15S5.
John Cromwell buried 28 Nov. 1586.
John Beale and Elizabeth Cromwell married 12 June 159S.
1 Clareborough is near Retford.
- Laxton and Ossinsrton are near Newark.
196
The House of Cromwell.
And in the parish of Rodney-Stoke,* numerous entries are
found between the years 1656 and 1775. Similarly, in
From the Register of Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials in the
Parish of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, 1654- 1787.
1656. Lenard Cromwell to be . . . Parish Register . . . (greater
part illegible)
1656. Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Cromwell, born ...
1658. Leonard, son of Thos. Cromwell, born ...
1660. Agnes, daughter of Thomas Cromwell and ffrancis his wife,
baptised ...
1660. Leonard Cromwell signs the Rector's declaration
1662. William and Agnes, son and daughter of Thos. and ffrancis
Cromwell, baptised
Agnes, grand-daughter of Thos. Cromwell, buried
William, grandson of Thos. Cromwell, buried
1663. Leonard Cromwell, buried
1675. Edward Cromell (sic) son of Mark Cromell, buried
1676. Mark Cromwell, buried
1692. George Cromwell and Joan Sage, married
1694. George, son of George Cromwell, baptised
George, son of George and Joan Cromwell, buried
1695. George, son of George and Joan Cromwell, baptised
1699. Esther, daughter of George and Joan Cromwell, baptised ...
1705. Frances, daughter of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised
1716. John, son of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised
1719. Hester Cromwell, buried
1720. Hester, daughter of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised ...
1720. George Cromwell and Jone Denmead of Cheddar parish,
married ...
1724. Elizabeth, daughter of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised
1727. George, son of George and Joan Cromwell, Junr., buried ...
1729. Joan Cromwell, buried
1731. Mark Cromwell, buried
1733. Frances Cromwell, buried
1736. John Cromwell and Hannah Williams, married ...
1737. Frances, daughter of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised
1737-8. George Cromwell, buried
1738-9. Mary, daughter of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised ...
1741. George, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised
1744. John, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised
1745. Jane, daughter of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised ...
1747. James, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, buried
1749. James, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised
George Cromwell, Junr., buried
1751. John Cromwell, buried
1759. Jane Cromwell, buried
Jone Cromal (sic), buried
Oct. 8.
Nov. 1.
Feb. 25.
Mar. 31
Aug. 8.
Aug. 9.
Aug. 11.
Feb. 21.
June 17.
Oct. 5.
Jan. 24.
Oct. 21.
Nov. 18.
Mar. 22.
Ap. 9.
Feb. 21.
May 1.
Feb. 11.
Oct. 3.
May 17,
Oct. 5,
Sep. 8.
Feb. 20,
Nov. 29
Feb. 4
May 2
Aug. 12
Jan. 2
Jan. 21
Aug. 9
Ap. 1
Nov. 3
Aug. 2
Ap. 2
Jan. 21
Nov. 6
June 18
Mar. 2
Wills and Registers. 197
several of the parish registers of churches in the city of
Bath* many entries have been found of the name Crom-
well between the years 1726 and 1791.
It seems difficult now to ascertain what was the link of
connection between members of the family in Wiltshire
and Somersetshire, and those in the Eastern counties and
London. So far as is known to the writer of these lines,
the name of Cromwell has entirely fallen away in the
Eastern counties, where it was so well known and dis-
tinguished between two and three centuries ago ; and not
more than half a dozen representatives of the name are
known at the present day, so completely has the hand of
Time reduced to obscurity and insignificance the repre-
sentatives of one of the greatest names inscribed upon the
pages of English history.
George Cromal [sic), buried ... ... ... ... June 22.
1766. John Cromwell, buried ... ... ... ... Oct. 22.
1775. James Cromwill (sic), buried ... ... ... June 6.
* Extracts from St. James's Baptismal Register, Ba 1 h.
1726. Wm. C. son of James, baptised.
1745. Jas. C. son of Joseph, baptised.
1749. Joseph C. son of Joseph, baptised.
1754. Oliver C. son of Peter, baptised.
1755. John C. son of Oliver, baptised.
1767. James C. son of James, baptised.
1785. Willm. C. son of Oliver and Catherine, baptised.
Extracts from Widcombe Baptismal Register.
1732. Peter C. son of Oliver, baptised.
1 75 1. James C. son of Joseph, baptised.
1754. Benjamin C. son of Joseph, baptised.
1764. Joseph C. son of Joseph, baptised.
Extracts from Walcot Registers, near Bath.
1755. Dec. 30. ... Willm. C. married Elizh. Rawlins.
1757. Oct. 2. ... JohnC. bapd.
1789. June 7. ... Joseph C. son of Joseph and Mary, bapd.
1797. Nov. 12. ... Oliver C. son of John and Hannah, bapd.
Extract from Baptismal Registers of St. Michael's, Bath.
1760. Mar. 30. ... Ann, daughter of James and Susannah C.
CHAPTER XIII.
SOME ANECDOTES AND TRAITS OF OLIVER CROMWELL.
THE list of officers who fell on the King's side at
Marston Moor includes the names of Charles
Towneley, of Towneley, Esq., a Lancashire
Papist, connected with whose death we have
a family tradition illustrative of Oliver's humanity.
Towneley's wife, Mary, daughter of Sir Francis Trappes,
was, during the anxious period of the battle, waiting
with her father at Knaresborough, where the news of her
husband's death was brought to her on the following
morning and prompted her to go and search for his body.
On reaching the fatal field, where the attendants of the
camp were stripping and burying the dead, she was ac-
costed by a general officer, to whom she told her melan-
choly story. He heard her with great tenderness, but
earnestly besought her to quit a place where, besides the
distress of witnessing such a scene, she might probably be
insulted. She complied, and he called a trooper, who
took her en croup. On her way to Knaresborough she
inquired of the man the name of the officer to whose
civility she was indebted, and learnt that it was Lieutenant-
General Cromwell. The lady survived till 1690, dying at
Towneley, and being buried in the family chapel at Burnley,
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 199
aged ninety-one. The anecdote was told to Dr. Whitaker,
the editor of " Sir George Radcliffe's Correspondence,"
by the then representative of the family, to whom it had
been handed down by his ancestress, Ursula Towneley (a
Fermor of Tusmore, and aunt to Pope's Belinda), who
had it from the lady herself. (J. Langton Sanford's
" Studies and Illustrations of the Great Rebellion," p. 611.)
His Faithful Valet.
During the severe illness which prostrated the Lord
General in Edinburgh, he was watched and tended by a
most devoted French servant named Duret, one who
heartily loved and appreciated him, and was in return
treated with unreserved confidence. Cromwell not only
committed to him the management of domestic affairs
while campaigning, but during this illness he would receive
food and medicine from no other hand. This unremitting
assiduity on the part of Duret, involving as it did pro-
tracted midnight watchings, had at length a fatal result
for the watcher himself, and Oliver, as he advanced
towards recovery, had the intense grief to discover that
his friend was rapidly sinking. It was now his own turn
to act as nurse and spiritual consoler. Duret, for himself,
cheerfully accepted his fate ; he was quite satisfied to lay
down his life in such a cause and for such a master, and
he merely desired that the case of his mother, sister, and
two nephews might be taken into consideration ; they
were still in France, and were in some measure dependent
on his services. " I will look to that," said Cromwell.
" My obligations to you are so great that it were impos-
sible for me to do otherwise." Immediately, therefore,
after Duret's death, a message was sent to the survivors,
begging the entire family to come to England ; and at the
same time Cromwell gave to his wife, by letter, a full
account of the affair, representing that she should treat
the strangers on their arrival in London in a manner cor-
200 The House of Cromwell.
responding with her just sense of the merits and good
offices of the deceased, and that, as it was entirely to
Duret's care, pains, and watchings, that he owed the
preservation of his own life, she would proportion the
kindness shown to them to the love which she bore to
himself as her husband. The Duret family at once
accepted the invitation, and were welcomed into Mrs.
Cromwell's household with the utmost cordiality. Madame
Duret was of course promoted to her table, the sister
became a maid of honour, and the two nephews occupied
the post of pages. Cromwell had still an arduous cam-
paign to complete, which kept him in Scotland for several
weeks longer, and it was not until after fighting the battle
of Worcester that he at last found an opportunity of re-
visiting the sanctuary of home, and of ratifying by his
personal salutation the new domestic alliance. The scene
at that moment must have been redolent of Christian
pathos. The mutual tears and incoherent greetings had
an eloquence of their own, for it was through the medium
of his daughters, who were better skilled in the French
language than himself, that he testified to the old lady
how he rejoiced at her arrival, assuring her at the same
time that, as she had lost her first son in his service, he
would do all possible to fill the vacancy as her second
son. Moreover, he took pains to acquire sundry French
phrases wherewith to salute her whenever they might
chance to meet.
The Spoliation of Churches.
Not only the capture of bells, but every other form of
church spoliation, wherever found in England, is habitually,
but wrongly, attributed to the personal agency of Crom-
well. It was rather the previous age (that of the Reforma-
tion) which witnessed these defacements, concerning which
let a statement from Goodwyn's " Catalogue of Bishops,"
published forty years before the Civil War, be heard re-
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 201
specting Ely Cathedral, under whose shadow the Crom-
wells dwelt. Bishop Hotham, he tells us, " lieth entombed
in a monument of alabaster that was some time a very
stately and goodly building, but now [160 1] shamefully
defaced, as are also all other monuments of the church."
Whatever may have been the fanaticism of some few
iconoclasts, no wanton destruction either in respect of
churches, towns, or country-houses, is chargeable on the
Cromwell family. It is even told of Oliver that, when the
Parliament dismantled Nottingham Castle, he was heartily
vexed at it, and told Colonel Hutchinson that if he had
been in the House when it was voted, he would not have
suffered it to be done. Nor, indeed, are the Parlia-
mentarians, as a rule, to be credited with the house-
burnings and town-burnings belonging to that period.
Such actions were almost without an exception the work
of the Royalists, and were frequently quite independent
of the accidents or exigencies of war. This is not a
statement loosely made, but is the result of a pretty
close and prolonged investigation of the recorded facts.
Prince Rupert, a foreigner, and one who acquired the
sobriquet of " Prince Robber," first set the example by
burning Cirencester and Marlborough, and devastating
Fawley Court, belonging to Bulstrode Whitelock. Then
followed the destruction of Bridgnorth, unhousing three
hundred families, and consuming £90,000 worth of
property. Wooburn, in Bedfordshire, was treated in like
manner in 1645, and in the year following the combined
towns of Great Faringdon and Westbrook, in Berkshire,
were burnt, to the value of £56, 976, as appraised by
judges of assize at Reading. These afflictions, together
with the sack of Leicester, the Parliament endeavoured
from time to time to mitigate by the action of a Com-
mittee of Burnings, and by ordering public contributions
for the sufferers to be made either throughout the realm
or in a group of counties. (In respect of Leicester, see
202 The House of Cromwell.
the Lords' Journals, vii. 665 ; the Bridgnorth affair,
ibid., ix. 657 ; Great Faringdon, ibid., x. 485. Consult
also the Commons' Journals.)
Yet, if only a tradition survive in any domestic history
that the family estate was wrecked in the Civil Wars,
it will almost invariably be found that such tradition is
made to do duty for the wrong party. The house, so the
family annalist usually informs us, " was burnt by the
rebels, and the money estate was all lost in the royal
cause." Take, for instance, the case of Drake of Ashe.
The Drakes, like the families of naval heroes generally,
went in roundly for the Parliament, and the petition
of Lady Ellen Drake (Commons' Journals, v. 508), as
well as a mass of documents among the Composition
Papers, all attest that the destroyer of the family mansion
was the Cavalier Lord Pawlet, who had to make ample
restitution for the same. Yet the modern annalist of the
Drake family tells us that it was the work of the rebels.
(Burke's " Extinct and Dormant Baronetage.")
Dean Stanley, in his " Memorials of Westminster
Abbey," remarks that : " After the overthrow of Charles I.,
the Abbey was placed for twelve years in the hands of the
Commonwealth and the Protector. The royal monuments
in the Abbey, which suffered cruelly under Henry VIII.,
remained uninjured, so far as we know, under Cromwell."
This testimony should never be forgotten when one hears
the verger of a cathedral ascribe every act of vandalism to
Cromwell.
The Ceremony of Kissing Hands.
"Our Lord Protector gave a noble audience to the
Dutch ambassadors last Saturday. His part was just as
the King's used to be, only kissing his hand excepted."
(From an intercepted letter, March, 1654.) The testimony
of the three Ambassadors themselves, Beverning, Nieuport,
and Jongestall, is still more graphic. After the final inter-
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 203
change of friendly expressions in the banqueting-room at
Whitehall, " we presented unto his Highness twenty of
our gentlemen, who went in before us, being followed by
twenty more, to have the honour to kiss his hand. But
instead thereof, his Highness advanced near the steps and
bowed to all the gentlemen one by one, and put out his
hand to them at a distance, by way of congratulation."
In 1653, some person addressing him in St. James's
Park, and omitting what was called " the homage of the
hat," induced him to relate, with a smile, a circumstance
which he remembered to have witnessed on the same spot
some years back, when the late King was once walking
there. The Duke of Buckingham on that occasion was
advancing towards his Majesty without uncovering, where-
upon an indignant Scot in the King's train at once struck
off the Duke's hat.
But while Oliver gracefully waived the accustomed
forms of personal worship, he was not solicitous to abate
the innocent parade of sovereignty which might be sup-
posed due to the nation's representative. For instance,
" My Lord of Leda gave his adieu yesterday to my Lord
Protector, who sent his own coach of six white horses.
Certain it is, as many told me, that none of the English
Kings had ever any such. And with it ten more coaches
of six horses, with many cavaliers. So was Leda con-
ducted and re-conducted ; but what he did at the interview
is not known." (James Darcy to Dr. John Smith of Dun-
kirk, June 13, 1655. See also Carlyle's narrative of the
ceremonious reception of the Swedish Ambassador in July,
1655O
His Love of Horses and other Animals, and also of Races and
other Sports.
The epicedium by Andrew Marvell says :
" All, all is gone of our or his delight
In horses fierce, wild deer, or armour bright."
204 The House of Cromwell.
Writing to Cornet Squire just after Gainsborough fight,
he says : " I will give you all you ask for that black horse
you won last fight." Two months later Squire captures
another horse, for which also he makes application : "I
will give you sixty pieces for that black horse you won at
Horncastle, if you hold to a mind to sell him, for my son,
who has a mind to him." In after-days Longland, his
agent at Leghorn, and Sir Thomas Bendysh, in Turkey,
busied themselves in procuring Barbary horses. Races
continued in Hyde Park during the Protectorate ; and
Dick Pace, the owner of divers horses who live in racing
chronicles, was the Protector's stud-groom. His adven-
ture in the Park when attempting to drive his own coach-
horses is too well known to need repetition. We therefore
pass to the " wild deer " mentioned by Marvell. This
probably refers to the twelve reindeer, which, together
with their two Laplander drivers, were sent by the Queen
of Sweden in 1654. (See Bulstrode Whitelocke's narra-
tive.) Oliver is also said to have " fallen in love with the
company" of Sir James Long, of Wiltshire, a gentleman
eminent as a naturalist. During the fighting days of 1645
this knight, then Sheriff of Wilts, was, together with his
entire regiment, captured by Cromwell and Waller, near
Devizes. Sir James is described by his friend Aubrey as
orator, soldier, historian, and romancer, as excelling in the
arts of fencing, falconry, horsemanship, and the study of
insects — in short, a very accomplished gentleman. The
belligerents probably had not met since the scrimmage at
Devizes placed Sir James in a private position, till one day
when Oliver (now Protector), hawking on Hounslow
Heath, recognised his old antagonist, who, we may
suppose, was engaged in the like pastime. The knight's
discourse was so skilfully adjusted to the altered state of
affairs that Oliver forthwith fell in love with his company,
and commanded him to wear his sword, and to meet him
again when they should next fly their hawks. All which
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 205
caused some of the stricter cavaliers to look upon Sir James
with an evil eye. (Aubrey.)
His Opinions on Agriculture and the Scheme for a Canal
between Bristol and London.
John Aubrey says : " I heard Oliver Cromwell, Pro-
tector, at dinner at Hampton Court in 1657 or 8, tell the
Lord Arundel of Wardour and the Lord Fitz-Williams
that he had been in all the counties of England, and that
the Devonshire husbandry was the best. And at length
we [in Wiltshire] have obtained a great deal of it." Hartlib,
a Pole, who translated Child's Treatise on the Agriculture
of Flanders, obtained a pension from the Protector. It
was, no doubt, the canals of Flanders which suggested the
scheme for uniting by a canal the Bristol Avon with the
Thames, which Captain Francis Matthew having illus-
trated with a map, the Protector would have put into
execution had he lived long enough. (" Natural History
of Wilts.") A hundred and thirty years later it was
accomplished by John Rennie.
His Natural Eloquence, and Protection of Learning.
Bishop Burnet, on the authority of Lieutenant-General
Drummond (afterwards Lord Strathallan), mentions that
in Drummond's presence Cromwell engaged in a long
discourse with a group of Scots Commissioners, on the
nature of the regal power according to the principles of
Mariana and Buchanan; and Drummond's conclusion was
that Cromwell had manifestly the better of the Commis-
sioners at their own weapon and upon their own principles.
Indeed, a modern French writer declares him to have been
the only eloquent man in the kingdom. " En effet," says
Villemain, " dans la Revolution Anglaise, il n'y eut qu'un
homme eloquent, et e'est celui qui aurait pu se passer de
l'etre, grace a son epee — Cromwell. Hormis Cromwell,
eloquent parce qu'il avait de grandes idees et de grandes
2o6 The House of Cromwell.
passions, la Revolution Anglais n'inspirait que des rheteurs
theologiques, en qui la verite du fanatisme meme etait
faussee par un verbiage convenu."
Beverning, one of the Dutch Ambassadors, writing home
in 1653, says : " Last Saturday I had a discourse with his
Excellency above two hours, no one else being present.
He spoke his own language so distinctly that I could
understand him. I answered again in Latin."
Touching the various schemes adopted daring his brief
tenure of power for the advancement of learning, it is
unnecessary to enlarge. A passage from Anthony a Wood,
a very unexceptional witness in a case of this nature, may
suffice. In his biographical notice of Henry Stubbs,
keeper of the Bodleian, who took his degree in the days of
Owen, he remarks : " While he continued undergraduate
it was usual with him to discourse in the public schools
very fluently in the Greek tongue. But since the King's
restoration we have had no such matter, which shows that
education and discipline were more severe then than after-
wards, when scholars were given more to liberty and
frivolous studies." It should not be forgotten that Oliver
proposed to found a University at Durham for the benefit
of education in the northern parts of the kingdom, and
that Westminster School and its famous head-master —
Dr. Busby — shared his protection and favour all through
the troublous days of the Civil War.
His Interview with Archbishop Usher.
The Irish prelate was considerably his senior ; and this
circumstance, combined with his fervid Churchmanship,
enabled him to present a defiant front when in colloquy
with the Protector, who, nevertheless, was most generously
disposed towards him, and anxious to have a courteous
interview. Usher's own account is that he at last con-
sented to accept the invitation of the Protector only lest
further evil towards his brethren should grow out of his
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 207
refusal. At their first meeting, the Protector's opening
observations about advancing the Protestant interest in
Europe appeared to the Archbishop little better than
" canting discourse " ; and as he was evidently too much
of an enthusiast to take his (the Archbishop's) advice in
the matter, a civil dismissal closed the affair. On the next
occasion, the Archbishop, carrying in his hand a petition
for enlarged liberty to the clergy in the matter of preach-
ing, found Oliver under the hands of a doctor, who was
removing a boil from his breast. After begging his guest
to be seated, Oliver said :
" If this core were once out, I should be quickly well."
Archbishop : " I doubt the core lies deeper. There is a
core at the heart that must be taken out, or else it will not
be well."
Oliver : " Ah, so there is indeed !" and sighed.
The Archbishop, finally gathering that the curb was not
to be removed from the Royalist clergy, departed to his
home in grief, and placed on record his indignant judg-
ment : " This false man has broken his word. Royalty
will now speedily return." It is commonly added that at
the death of Usher, which followed shortly after, the Pro-
tector decreed a public funeral for him in Westminster
Abbe}-, but left the family to bear the charges, which
Henry Cromwell's testimony indirectly shows to be
destitute of all credibility. (See also the Mercurius Politicus,
March and April, 1656.)
His Contributions to the Repairs of a Church.
Richard Byfield, the Rector of Sutton, in Surrey, con-
tested the repairs of the church with his patron, Sir John
Evelyn, of Godstone. To put an end to the contest, the
Protector got them together in his presence, when Sir
John charged the minister with reflecting on him in his
sermons, which, of course, Byfield repelled. Oliver then
addressed the belligerents in the following terms : " I
2o8 The House of Cromwell.
doubt, Sir John, there is something indeed amiss. The
word of God is penetrating, and if, as I suspect, it has
found you out, you will do well to search your ways."
He succeeded in making them good friends before parting,
and, to mollify the knight's chagrin, ordered his secretary
Malyn to pay him £100 towards the repairs of the
church. Byfield was afterwards one of the ejected
of 1662.
His Patronage of Music and Painting.
The Protector of England had many personal traits in
common with Martin Luther. Zwingle's zeal in destroy-
ing pictures and organs in the churches of Zurich has often
been contrasted with the conduct of Luther, who system-
atically protected and honoured art. As Carlyle has said :
" Death defiance on the one hand, and such love of music
on the other. I could call these the two opposite poles of
a great soul. Between these two all great things had
room." And again : " Who is there that in logical words
can express the effect that music has on us ? — a kind of
inarticulate, unfathomable speech, which leads us to
the edge of the Infinite, and lets us for moments gaze
into that."
Cromwell's order that Dr. Wilson should regularly give
his music lecture at Oxford, though passed over by
Walton, is commented on in an essay in the Edinburgh
Review (No. 193). John Hingston, a scholar of Orlando
Gibbons, after being in the service of Charles I., became
organist to Cromwell at a pension of £100 a year, and
instructed his daughters in music. His portrait was in
the music school at Oxford. (Braybroke's Pepys, Decem-
ber 10, 1667.) The first step towards the revival of
dramatic music after the Civil War took place in 1653, in
the performance of Shirley's mask of Cupid's death, and
three years later Davenant obtained a license to open a
theatre for operas. A modern chronicler of the town of
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 209
Tewkesbury, while gossiping about its abbe)', narrates
as follows : " The organ, now placed in a gallery between
two of the pillars in the nave, beneath which is the prin-
cipal entrance to that portion of the church appropriated
for Divine service, is not more distinguished for its ex-
terior appearance and great powers than for the singu-
larity of its history. It originally belonged to Magdalen
College, Oxford. Oliver Cromwell, who was fond of
music, and particularly of that of an organ, which was
proscribed under his Government, was so delighted with
the harmony of this instrument that, when it was taken
down from its station in the college, according to the
Puritanical humour of the times, as an abominable agent
of superstition, he had it conveyed to Hampton Court,
where it was placed in the great gallery for his entertain-
ment. It remained there till the Restoration, when it was
sent back to Oxford ; but another organ having been
presented to the college, it was, in the year 1737, removed
to Tewkesbury." The local cicerone of Tewkesbury
further avers that this was the instrument on which John
Milton was in the habit of performing for the delectation
of the Protector's family, a perfectly possible case, and,
were it authenticated, a very welcome fact, for it would be
the furnishing of one instance, in the absence of any other,
of Cromwell and Milton being sometimes found in personal
communion.
At the sale of Charles I.'s pictures, Oliver secured the
cartoons of Raphael to the nation for £300, and fifty years
later William III. took measures for their preservation
and restoration. In the interval they had a narrow escape.
Charles II. was on the point of selling them to Louis XIV.,
and it was all that the Lord Treasurer could do to save
them from the clutches of Barillon. Probably Danby
found by some other means the money they were to have
raised. Yet we fancy that even Charles II. would hardly
have thrown away the chance, which in more modern days
M
210 The House of Cromwell.
presented itself to an English Prime Minister, of securing
the entire collection of paintings in the Pitti Palace.
When the French republican armies were overrunning the
North of Italy, and commencing their wholesale system of
plunder, the Grand-Duke of Florence offered this magnifi-
cent gallery to the English nation for the comparatively
small sum of .£100,000 ; but this offer was declined by the
English Government.
When the Dutch Envoys arrived in March, 1653, to
settle the terms of peace, they seem to have brought over
with them some of Titian's paintings. The intercepted
letter of a Royalist (name unknown) has the following :
" One that was present at the audience given in the
banqueting-house told me that Cromwell spent so much
time looking at the pictures, that he judged by it that he
had not been much used heretofore to Titian's hand."
(Thurloe, ii. 144.) Might we not rather say that, the
more he had seen of Titian, the longer he loved to linger ?
Beyond the pencils employed to execute the portraits of
the members of his family, there is not much evidence of
Oliver's patronage of living artists. Three entries in the
Exchequer accounts for 1657-58 refer to a sum of £150
paid " to Mr. Francis Clyne for the designing of two
stories by the tapestry men." He also engaged a naval
painter named Isaac Sailmaker, a pupil of Gildrop, to
execute a sea-view of the English fleet as it lay before
Mardyke during Sir John Reynolds' assault on that fort
in 1657. Sailmaker lived to paint the naval fight between
Sir George Rooke and the Count de Toulouse.
On February 22, 1649, Lieutenant-General Cromwell
reports from the Council of State " that divers goods
belonging to the State are in danger of being embezzled,
whereupon it is ordered that the care of the public library
at St. James and of the statues and pictures there be
committed to the Council of State to be preserved by
them." (Commons' Journals.)
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 2 1 1
The goods here referred to were the pictures, statues,
household furniture, and other personal estate of the late
King, which the House thereupon ordered to be in-
ventoried, appraised, and sold. The sale soon afterwards
commenced, and went on till August, 1653. The prices
were fixed, but if more was offered, the highest bidder
became the purchaser. Part of the goods were sold by
inch of candle. The buyers, called "contractors," signed
a writing for the several sums ; but if they disliked the
bargain they were at liberty to withdraw from the engage-
ment on payment of a fourth part of the sum stipulated.
Among the contractors appears Mr. John Leigh, who,
August 1, 1649, buys goods for the use of Lieutenant-
General Cromwell to the value of £109 5s., and on the
15th are sold to the Right Hon. the Lady Cromwell goods
to the amount of £200.* But no sooner was Oliver in
possession of the supreme power than he not only put a
stop to the sale, but detained from some of the purchasers
goods for which they had contracted. Such, at least, was
the affirmation made in a petition addressed, after the
Protector's death, to the Council of State by Major
Edward Bass, Emanuel de Critz, William Latham, and
Henry Willett, in behalf of themselves and divers others,
in which they represent: "That in the year 1651 the
petitioners did buy of the contractors for the sale of the
late King's goods the several parcels thereunder named,
and did accordingly make satisfaction unto the treasurer
for the same. But forasmuch as the said goods are in
Whitehall, and some part thereof in Mr. Kinnersley's
custody in keeping, the petitioners do humbly desire their
Honours' order, whereby they may receive the said goods,
they having been great sufferers by the late General
Cromwell's detaining thereof." The goods specified are
hangings and statues, the latter adorning the gardens at
Whitehall. This charge against the Protector of some-
" This last-mentioned may have been a Countess of Ardglass.
212 The House of Cromwell.
thing little short of felony is one which there are probably
now no means of adjusting. Had the petitioners made
their appeal during his lifetime, we might have had an
honest explanation.
" Oliver Cromwell at Hampton Court"
is the title of a paper contributed to the Gentleman's
Magazine by John B. Marsh, containing a survey of the
state of the palace and park just before the Restoration,
and an account of the drawing up of an inventory of their
contents by the Sergeant-at-Arms, Mr. C. Dendy, and Mr.
John Embree, derived from the State Paper Office. But
as the association of the works of art there with the Pro-
tector's memory is no more than an accident, which he
shares with his predecessors and successors, Mr. Marsh's
facts, though highly interesting throughout, hardly claim
more specific notice in this place than may be supplied by
a few random extracts.
According to tradition, Cromwell's bedchamber was
upon the ground-floor, and had in the time of Charles I.
been used as a day room — the same room where it is said
the King with some of his children was once standing at
the open window, when a gipsy woman solicited per-
mission to tell the children's fortune. The King refused,
whereupon she handed him a small mirror, in which, with
terror, he beheld a severed head. To give the legend
rotundity, she is further credited with a prophecy that
when a dog should die in that room the King's son would
regain his throne, all which came to pass, the dog being
Cromwell's favourite.
What is supposed to have been the King's own bed-
room remained unoccupied and unfurnished during the
time of Cromwell.
The Earl and Lady Fauconberg's bedroom had been
stripped before the inventory was taken ; but we are told
that in one of their rooms, formerly occupied by the
Duke of Richmond, the walls were hung about with old
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 213
green perpetuano, and there were two black stools, three
folding stools, and one footstool covered with old green
cloth. The Lady Frances Cromwell, widow of Mr. Rich,
had "lodgings" in what was formerly the late King's
cabinet room. Then followed a list of the furniture, all
which had belonged to Charles I. There were three
rooms used by Lady Claypoole as nurseries : one was at
the end of the passage leading to the tennis-court ; a
second was a portion of the armoury, a room hung round
with striped stuff; and the third was a room formerly
occupied by the " Bishop of Canterbury," which, from
its furniture and hangings, must have been the largest
and the best. This chamber contained one of the few
looking-glasses remaining in the palace (four only occur-
ring in the entire inventory), and is described as " One
large looking-glass in an ebony frame, with a string of
silk and gold."
Colonel Cromwell and John Howe the preacher had
bedrooms adjoining each other. Howe's room is " hung
round in gray-striped stuff, and contains one standing bed,
with feather-bed and bolster, two blankets, and a rug.
The furniture of the like striped stuff. One bed had a
head-cloth and four curtains. Dr. Clarke lay not far from
Mr. Howe, and in his room were one half-headed bed-
stead, one deal table, and a form. Colonel Philip Jones,
the comptroller, occupied as a bedroom that which had
formerly been the Lord Chamberlain's." The lodgings of
all the personal attendants of the above are also fully
described. " In a room below stairs, where the servants
dine, formerly called the vestry," there are five tables and
eight forms.
The gardens boasted of various sun-dials, a large foun-
tain surmounted with a brass statue of Arethusa, and
divers objects in marble. In the privy-garden there was
a brass statue of Venus, ditto of Cleopatra, and marble
statues of Adonis and Apollo. Of these, the Venus is the
only one now remaining, which the modern palace guide
214 The House of Cromwell.
calls Diana. George II. is credited with having removed
the others to Windsor.
Hampton Court has been greatly altered since Crom-
well's time. The Great Hall, of course, remains, in which
were two organs, the larger one a gift from Cromwell's
friend, Dr. Goodwyn, president of Magdalen College,
Oxford ; but the traditions of this part of the building
belong to Wolsey's entertainments and subsequent dra-
matic pageants rather than to any scenes in the Puritan
Protector's life. The Mantegna Gallery, with its vast
pictures representing the triumphs of Julius Caesar (pur-
chased by Charles I.) it is reasonably thought must have
often attracted his notice, though this is mere conjecture.
But in respect of the armoury there is ground for thinking
that the collection of specimens may have been in great
part the result of his personal taste, for Andrew Marvell
tells us that he delighted in bright armour.
" Here Edward VI. was born, and here his mother,
Jane Seymour, died. Here Queen Mary and Philip of
Spain spent their dull honeymoon, and here Queen Eliza-
beth held her Christmas festivities. Here James I. sat as
Moderator, and listened to the arguments of Presbyterians
and Churchmen, and here Queen Anne his wife died, in
1618. Here Charles I. and Queen Henrietta passed their
honeymoon, and here Charles I. was kept a prisoner pre-
vious to his trial and execution. Here Mary Cromwell
was married to Earl Fauconberg in 1657, and here, in
r658, died little Oliver and his mother, the Lady Elizabeth
Claypoole ; while almost at the same time Cromwell him-
self was seized with the illness which eventually terminated
in his death at Whitehall."
Oliver's Wound at Marston Moor.
The proclamation offering a large reward for killing the
Protector, issued in 1654 by Charles II., has been duly
noticed by Carlyle. Though no adventurer ever laid claim
to the glittering reward promised, there was a certain
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 215
young gentleman who lived to taste the royal bounty in
consideration of the inferior feat of wounding Oliver in
battle. This was Marcus Trevor, Esq., who declared
himself the author of the sword-thrust which drew blood
from Oliver at Marston Moor ; and Trevor's claim being
allowed at the Restoration, he was two years later created
Viscount Dungannon. At the Archaeological Meeting at
Shrewsbury in 1855, a modern Viscount Dungannon dis-
played from Brynkinault the original patent, being a
richly-emblazoned document in which Richard St. George,
Ulster King-of-Arms, grants to the first Lord Dungannon
a lion and a wolf as supporters, and recites that King
Charles II., taking into consideration the faithful services
of his beloved councillor, Mark Trevor, Esq., and parti-
cularly his valiant action at the battle of Marston Moor,
where, after many high testimonies of his valour and
magnanimity, he that day personally encountered that
arch-rebel and tyrant Oliver Cromwell, and wounded him
with his sword, had created the said Mark Trevor Viscount
Dungannon. Dated September 20, 1662. (See also the
Peerages under the article " Downshire.")
His Assassination attempted.
The story of his being shot at by Miss Granville, on his
passage into the City to dine with the Lord Mayor in
1654, has been discussed more than it merits. Raguenet,
who was the first to print it, in his French history of the
Protector, says that he derived it from the manuscript of
M. de Brosse, docteur de la faculte de Paris, an eye-witness
of the event, which manuscript he was ready to show to
anyone who desired it. According to our French authority,
the young lady's lover, who was brother to the Duke of
Buckingham, had fallen at the battle of St. Neot's by
Cromwell's own hand. Hence her long-nursed revenge,
and until the above opportunity presented itself she prac-
tised pistol-shooting at a picture of Oliver. As the caval-
cade passed her balcony on its way to the City, she dis-
2 1 6 The House of Cromwell.
charged her weapon at something more substantial than
his picture, but the shot took effect only on the horse of
his son, Henry Cromwell, whereupon she delivered herself
in an appropriate tragic speech, and her attendants assuring
those who were sent to arrest her that her mind had long
been in a disordered state, the scene shifts to Grocers'
Hall, where my Lord Mayor must have been verily guilty
of thoughtless discourtesy if he failed to congratulate his
Highness on his recent escape. On this point, however,
the reporters are unaccountably silent, though otherwise
the day's proceedings are graphically described in the
Perfect Diurnal of February 6 to 13.
Even that (so styled) amiable gentleman, Mr. Secretary
Nicholas, saw no impropriety in the plan of assassination.
" We have here seen," says he, writing to Lord Culpepper
from Bruges, " a most excellent treatise entitled ' Killing
no Murder,' dedicated to Cromwell, showing both Scrip-
ture and many reasons that it is not only lawful, but even
necessary, to kill him, being an usurper and a tyrant who
ought no more to have any law than a wolf or a fox ; and
I hear that Cromwell is no less fearful than Cain was after
the murder of his brother Abel."
Fairfax's Desertion and Hutchinson's.
One of the deep sorrows of the Protector's latter days
was the alienation of former friends. His secretary,
Thurloe, who perhaps more than any other of those
about him could estimate its depressing effect, is fre-
quently quite touching in his narratives to Henry Crom-
well of " the great man's " trials. He could bear with
comparative indifference the barking of Cornet Day and
John Sympson, who, preaching — as it was called —
no farther off than Allhallows Church, assailed the
Government as "the thieves and robbers of Whitehall."
But when more creditable divines resisted his project
for the admission of Jews into the country, and in a
Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 217
variety of ways checked his intelligent patriotism, Thurloe
writes :
" I do assure you his Highness is put to exercise every
day with the peevishness and wrath of some persons here.
But the Lord enables him with comfort to bear the hard
speeches and reproaches he is from day to day loaded
with, and helps him to return good for evil, and goodwill
for their hatred — which certainly is the way to heap coals
of fire on their head, to melt them and bring them into a
better frame and temper." And again, shortly after : "His
Highness meets with his trials here at home, of all sorts ;
being under daily exercises from one hand or another. I
wish he may not have occasion to say, My familiar friends
in whom I trusted have lift up their heel against me.
These things should make him and all his relations to
depend the more upon God, and to take heed of all carnal
confidences. Trials work patience, and patience ex-
perience, and experience hope. That hope will never
make ashamed, but all hope in men will."
Here is one of Carlyle's sketches : " Colonel Hutchin-
son, as his wife relates it, Hutchinson, his old battle-mate,
coming to see him on some indispensable business, much
against his will — Cromwell follows him to the door in a
most fraternal, domestic, conciliatory style, begs that he
would be reconciled to him, his old brother-in-arms ; says
how much it grieves him to be misunderstood, deserted by
true fellow-soldiers dear to him from of old. The rigorous
Hutchinson, cased in his Presbyterian formula, sullenly
goes his way."
Among trials of this nature, Fairfax's desertion must
have especially increased his sense of isolation, and tested
his magnanimity. Thomas Lord Fairfax, enriched by the
forfeited spoils of the profligate Duke of Buckingham, had
an only daughter, Mary, who, though very unattractive
in appearance, it was thought might be utilized to bring
about a reconciliation with the royal exiles, and at the
2 1 8 The House of Cromwell.
same time ensure the settlement of the newly-acquired
estates. The young lady's mother, who was a Vere, was
probably the contriver of this precious scheme. Whether
or not Buckingham had previously made overtures for the
hand of Frances Cromwell, as commonly reported, must
ever remain doubtful ; but we may be quite sure that it
was with no sort of reference to that transaction that
Cromwell viewed the Fairfax intrigue with disgust and
pity, for in this he did but share the sentiment of all the
honest party. The marriage, nevertheless, was performed
with great splendour at Nun-Appleton in Yorkshire, in
September, 1657, which was only a few weeks before that
of Frances Cromwell with Lord Rich ; and Fairfax then
posted off to London to have a talk with the Protector
about it. Thurloe can best tell us what passed. In a
letter to Henry Cromwell, he says: "I suppose your
lordship hath had a full account of the Duke of Bucking-
ham's marrying the lord Fairfax's daughter. My Lord
Fairfax was here this day, 27 Oct., with his Highness
to desire favour in behalf of the Duke and his new wife,
the Duke being now sought for to be committed to the
Island of Jersey. His Highness dealt friendly with him.
but yet plainly, and advised him to do that now, which he
should have done before, that is, to consult with his old
friends, who had gone along with him in all the wars, as
to what was fit for him to do ; and no longer listen to
those who had brought him into this evil, but to regard
them as enemies both to his honour and his interest. My
Lord Fairfax laboured to justify himself as well as he
could. He was willing to believe that the Duke was
a better man than the world took him to be ; — and so his
Highness and he parted." And the parting appears to
have been final, and the alienation complete. Those who
watched the ex-General stalking from the presence-cham-
ber, took notice that he cocked his hat and cast his cloak
under his arm in a style which he was wont to adopt when
A Singular Medal of Oliver Cromwell. 219
his wrath was roused. He lived to see verified the words
of his brother-in-arrns — -that both honour and interest had
been bartered for this specious alliance. A few years later
his promising son-in-law, in furtherance of an intrigue with
the Countess of Shrewsbury, slew that lady's husband in
a duel, and Fairfax outlived the event. As for his own
dear daughter, naught but neglect and obloquy fell to her
share, as a matter of course.
" It is high time," observes a recent critic, " that the
great and good Lord Fairfax, as Mr. Markham calls him,
should be made to appear in his true contemptible light ;"
and he refers, among other authorities, to Fairfax's own
" Apologia," which, it is averred, clears his memory from
not a single blot. (Notes and Queries, February 24, 1877.)
Possibly true enough. But what, it may be asked, is the
use of parading one defaulter, when the entire population
was in full march back to Egypt ? Though otherwise the
spectacle is not unsuggestive, which presents to view one
historic name after another dropping away from the once
beloved " Cause " and hiding itself in ignominy, as if
to leave the Cyclopean figure of the Puritan King unap-
proachable in its solitary grandeur.
A singular medal, known as the Cromwell and Fairfax
medal, is preserved at Brussels, and was first published in
England by Mr. Henfrey. The obverse bears a head of
Cromwell wearing a sort of imperial crown. The head is
double, and when reversed represents that of a demon.
In front of the faces is the word " Cromwel." The surround-
ing Dutch legend (" Den een mens is den anderen siin
duivel ") means, " This one [Cromwell] is the evil genius of
the other " [Fairfax]. The reverse has a head representing
Fairfax in a Puritan hat, reversible in like manner, and
then displaying a fool's head with cap and bells, and
opposite the faces the word" Farfox." The circumscription
in this case ("Deen sot is den anderen siin gek ") signifies,
" This simpleton [Fairfax] is the other's [Cromwell's] fool "
or dupe. (" Numismata Cromwelliana.")
2 20 The House of Cromwell.
Oliver's Corpse torn from Westminster Abbey.
Here follows the mason's receipt of wages for exhuming
the bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw, at the
Restoration of Charles II., as copied by Dr. Cromwell
Mortimer, Secretary of the Royal Society.
" May the 4th day. 1661. Recd then in full of the
worshipful Sergeant Norfolk, fiveteen shillings for taking
up the corpes of Cromell and Ierton and Brasaw. Rec.
by mee, John Lewis."
For a full account of the expulsion from the Abbey of
these and sundry other of the buried heroes of the
Commonwealth, the reader is referred to the classic pages
of Dean Stanley's " Historical Memorials of Westminster
Abbey." The following appear to have escaped the
execution of the warrant : Elizabeth Claypoole ; the Earl
of Essex ; Grace, wife of General Scott, a regicide ;
General Worsley ; and George Wilde, Lord Chief Baron
of the Exchequer.
Over the breast of the Protector was found a copper
plate, double gilt, engraved on the one side with the arms
of the Commonwealth impaling those of the deceased, and
upon the reverse this legend : " Oliverius Protector
Reipublicae Anglise, Scotise, et Hiberniae. Natus 25°
Aprilis Anno 1599. Inauguratus 160 Decembris 1653.
Mortuus 30 Septembris Anno 1658, hie situs est." This
plate, together with the canister in which it was enclosed,
was appropriated by Mr. Sergeant Norfolk, of the Heralds'
College above mentioned, who at first imagined it to be
gold. From him it descended, through his daughter,
Mrs. Hope Gifford, of Colchester, into the hands of the
Hon. George Hobart, of Nocton in Lincolnshire, and
from that family it has again passed into the possession of
the present Earl of Ripon and De Grey.
For " the savage ceremonial," as Dean Stanley termed
The Corpse of Oliver Cromwell. 221
it, " which followed the Restoration," the Dean himself
made what atonement he could by placing a large tablet
in the centre of the apse of Westminster Abbey, engraved
as follows :
In this Vault was interred
Oliver Cromwell. 1658
And in or near it
Henry Ireton. his son in law. 165 i
Elizabeth Cromwell, his mother. 1654
Jane Desborough. his sister. 1656
Anne Fleetwood.
Also Officers of his Army and Council.
Richard Deane. 1^53
Humphrey Macworth. 1654
Sir William Constable. 1655
Robert Blake, admiral. 1657
Dennis Bond. 1658
John Bradshaw. president of
The High Court ok Justice. 1 659
And Mary Bradshaw. his wife.
These were removed in 1661.
The bones of Oliver share the honour which has
apparently been common to heroes from Moses down-
wards— that of becoming the subject of fierce debate and
endless conjecture. Dryden said of him : " His ashes in
222 The House of Cromwell.
a peaceful urn shall rest " ; and perhaps Dryden for once
was right. At any rate, no attempt will be made in this
place to marshall the rival claims either of the aforesaid
urn, or of the river Thames, or the field of Naseby, or the
vault of the Claypooles at Northampton, or the crypt
beneath Chiswick Church, close to the residence of the
Fauconbergs, or the Fauconbergs' home in Yorkshire, or,
lastly, of the storm fiend, who howled through the two
nights or more preceding his death. But inasmuch as it
is pleasant to meet with any corroboration of the filial
devotion of Lady Mary Fauconberg, of which, indeed,
there was never any reasonable doubt, but which the
Royalists have sometimes sought to tarnish, an exception
will be briefly made in favour of the Newburgh tradition,
as the one also which more recently than others has
invited public attention. The following passage from an
account of Sir George Orby Wombwell's home-life at
Newburgh is quoted from the World of September n,
1878:
"There is, however, a mightier memory than that of
Laurence Sterne associated with Newburgh. In the long
gallery is a glass case containing the saddle, holsters, bit,
and bridle of the greatest prince who ever ruled in
England. The saddle and holster cases are by no means
of Puritan simplicity, being of crimson velvet, heavily
embroidered in gold. The pistols are of portentous
length, and very thin in the barrel ; and the bit is a cruel
one, with the tremendous cheek-pieces common two
centuries ago. Doubtless the Lord Protector liked to
keep his horse like his Roundheads — well in hand. Not
quite opposite to these relics hangs the portrait of a lady
clad in dark-green and demureness. This serious-looking
dame is Mary Cromwell, wife of the second Lord Faucon-
berg. It was she who, with keen womanly instinct,
sharpened yet more by filial affection, foresaw that, the
Restoration once achieved, the men who had fled before
The Tomb of Oliver Cromwell. 223
Oliver at Naseby and Worcester would not allow his
bones to rest in Westminster. At dead of night his
corpse was removed from the vault in the Abbey, and
that of some member of the undistinguished crowd substi-
tuted for it. In solemn secrecy the remains of him of
whom it was said, ' If not a king, he was a man whom it
was good for kings to have among them,' were conveyed
to Newburgh, where they yet repose, the insane fury of
the Royalist ghouls, who hung the supposed body of Crom-
well, as well as that of Ireton, on the gallows at Tyburn,
having thus been cheated of its noblest prey. The tomb
of Cromwell occupies the end of a narrow chamber at the
head of a flight of steep stairs, and is an enormous mass
of stonework built and cemented into the walls, apparently
with the object of making it impenetrable. There is no
reason to doubt the truth of this story, preserved in the
Bellasyse family for two centuries and a quarter. It is not
a legend, but a genuine piece of family history, and
implicitly believed on the spot. It is needless to say
that the over-curious have again and again begged the
lords of Newburgh to have the tomb opened, but this
request has met with invariable refusal, even when
proffered by the most illustrious personages. ' No, no,'
observes Sir George Wombwell, heartily as ever, but
quite firmly, ' we do not make a show of our great
relative's tomb, and it shall not be opened. In this
part of Yorkshire we no more dig up our remote great-
uncles than we sell our grandmothers. The Protector's
bones shall rest in peace — at least, for my time.' " (Notes
and Queries, October 5, 1878.) Sir George Wombwell, the
second Baronet, married in 1791 Lady Anne Bellasyse,
daughter of Henry, second Earl of Fauconberg.
The Newburgh tradition might very safely take a slightly
altered and more credible form by making the acquisition
of the Protector's body an event subsequent to the Tyburn
exposure. Whether or not the three bodies were, after
224 The House of Cromwell.
decapitation, buried beneath the gallows, as commonly
alleged, two of them, at least, were recovered by friends
and carried off, as proved by Mr. Godfrey Meynell's dis-
covery of the coffins of Ireton and Bradshaw in the vault
beneath Mugginton Church in Derbyshire ; and in respect
of the recovery of the third body, Lord and Lady Faucon-
berg were just the persons who of all others might be most
reasonably credited with it. Compared with them, there
were not at that moment any of the Protector's represen-
tatives possessing a tithe of the power and influence
necessary for the accomplishment of so hazardous a
scheme. The first place of concealment might then have
been the Chiswick crypt. Beyond this point we tremble
to advance.
The Head of Oliver Cromwell.
The genuineness of the embalmed head belonging to
Mr. Horace Wilkinson, of Sevenoaks, is, of course, depen-
dent on the previous question, Was it the Protector who
was hung at Tyburn ? That the head in question is the
same which (together with a portion of the pikestaff) fell
from the pinnacle of Westminster Hall in James II. 's
reign is sufficiently credible, and every portion of its
internal evidence is so far favourable as to make it im-
possible to gaze on the relic without deep emotion. The
history of its transmission and of its present condition
has been exhaustively treated by the late C. Donovan,
Esq., in two numbers of the Phrenological Journal for
1844. There is also "An Account of the Embalmed
Head of Oliver Cromwell at Shortlands House in Kent,"
by Colonel Sir James Edward Alexander, in the "Trans-
actions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society," vol. ii.,
p. 35. The following scanty notice must suffice :
The upper half of the skull has been sawn off; this
was for the purpose of embalming. The lower half being-
then filled with the spicy composition, long since con-
The Head of Oliver Cromwell. 225
creted, it has come to pass that this portion of the head,
including the lower jaw and the pike passing through it
all, is cemented into one mass, a state of things which, it
has been asserted, could not be predicated of any other
known head, since the long exposure of thirty years would
in ordinary cases have detached the lower jaw and destroyed
the fleshy covering. And whereas the crown of the skull
would be pushed off by the upward action of the pike, this
difficulty was met by piercing the crown with a central
hole, through which the pike then passed, and appeared
above the skull. Phrenologically speaking, the head has
no large or small organs, all being nearly alike well
developed, consequently it is absolutely a large head, the
circumference over the occipital bone and round the super-
ciliary region being 22 inches ; in life it would have been
23 inches. The spot where the well-known wart over the
right eye was placed is indicated by a small cavity in the
bone, the excrescence having dropped away. The ragged
remains of hair, which is of a reddish chestnut, and which
covers the jaw, corresponds with the account of his remain-
ing unshaved during the anxious weeks passed at Lady
Claypoole's bedside, and with the remark made by his
relations when they saw the post-mortem plaster cast,
that his habitual practice had latterly been to preserve a
clean chin. The elder Mr. Wilkinson, writing in 1827,
says : "This head has been in my possession nearly fifteen
years. I have shown it to hundreds of people, and only
one gentleman ever brought forward an objection to any
part of the evidence. He was an M.P., and a descendant
by a collateral branch from Oliver Cromwell. He told me,
in contradiction to my remark that chestnut hair never
turned gray, that he had a lock of hair at his country
house which was cut from the Protector's head on his
death-bed, and had been carefully passed down through
his family to his own possession, which lock of hair was
perfectly gray. He has since expressed his opinion that
J5
226 The House of Cromwell.
the long exposure was sufficient to change the colour."
In the Dublin University Magazine, April, 1843, it is stated
that a lock cut from Charles I.'s head, when washed, was
of a bright brown colour, though it is known to have been
of a grizzled black in life ; the embalming materials prob-
ably wrought the same effect in both. The ground on
which the sculptor Flaxman pronounced in its favour was
the squareness of the lower jaw, a marked speciality in
the Cromwell family. Oliver Cromwell, Esq., of Cheshunt,
after comparing it with the mask taken after death, ex-
pressed himself satisfied ; while Dr. Southgate, librarian of
the British Museum, and Mr. Kirk, the medallist, reached
the same conviction from their knowledge of the Oliverian
coins and medals.
Cromwellian Personal Relics.
Of these, as may well be supposed, there is a large
crop. In briefly cataloguing them, it will be best to
begin with the heirlooms of the Cromwell family pre-
served in the custody either of the Rev. Paul Bush, Hon.
Canon of Truro Cathedral and Rector of Duloe, Cornwall,
or the Rev. Thomas Cromwell Bush (eldest son of Canon
Paul Bush), of Cheshunt Park, and Rector of Michel
Dean, Gloucestershire.
The portraits at Duloe Rectory are (1896) as follows :
1. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, by Walker. (Mr.
Bush possesses the receipt.)
2. Elizabeth Bourchier, wife of the above, by Sir Peter
Lely.
3. Richard Cromwell, Protector, by Walker.
4. Henry Cromwell, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, by
Christian Dusart.
5. Mary Cromwell, wife of Lord Fauconberg, by Michael
Dahl, the Danish painter.
6. Elizabeth Cromwell, wife of John Claypole.
Relics of Oliver Cromwell. 227
7. Frances Cromwell, Lady Russell, by John Riley.
8. Major Henry Cromwell, son of the Lord-Lieutenant
of Ireland, by W. Wissing.
9. Hannah Hewling, wife of the above, by W.
Wissing.
10. William Cromwell, of Kirby Street, fourth son of
Major Henry Cromwell, by Jonathan Richardson.
11. Richard Cromwell, fifth son of Major Henry Crom-
well.
12. Sarah Gatton, wife of the above.
13. Eleanor Gatton (Mrs. Hynde), sister of the above.
14. Thomas Cromwell, seventh son of Major Henry
Cromwell, by Jonathan Richardson.
15. John Thurloe, secretary to the Lord Protector, by
Dobson.
16. General Stewart, uncle to the Lord Protector.
17. Elizabeth Cromwell, daughter of the Protector
Richard.
18. Oliver Cromwell, son of Richard Cromwell, of
Hampstead.
19. Oliver Cromwell, of Cheshunt Park, died in 1821.
20. Morgan Morse.
21. Mrs. Morgan Morse.
22. Artemidorus Cromwell Russell, of Cheshunt Park,
grandfather of Rev. Thomas Cromwell Bush.
23. Mr. Russell, of Hereford, grandfather of the
above.
24. A family group, comprising Richard Cromwell, fifth
son of Major Henry Cromwell ; Sarah Gatton, his wife,
with an infant son in her lap ; two daughters, Elizabeth
in blue and Anna in red ; Mrs. Letitia Thornhill in yellow ;
Mrs. Eleanor Gracedieu in white ; the widow of Mr. Robert
Thornhill ; Mrs. Hynde making tea — painted by Richard
Philips.
The following heirlooms have descended to the Rev.
228 The House of Cromwell.
Thomas Cromwell Bush at Michel Dean Rectory, near
Gloucester :
Oliver Cromwell's mask ; Henry Cromwell's helmet ;
Long - Parliament hat, wide - brimmed ; spurs ; Oliver
Cromwell's powder-flask ; another helmet ; seal of Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland ; Oliver Cromwell's private seal ;
four pieces of padded armour ; pedigree ; pair of leather
leggings ; Oliver Cromwell's stirrups ; eight swords, one
serpentine ; mourning sword belonging to the last Oliver
Cromwell, Esq. ; dagger ; Henry Cromwell's Bible and
Prayer-book ; piece of the pear-tree planted by Oliver
Cromwell in the garden of Sidney Sussex College, Cam-
bridge ; piece of Shakespeare's mulberry-tree ; portrait of
Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, by Holbein ; ditto,
Henry VIII. ; Oliver Cromwell's father and mother ;
Charles I., in needlework; John Pym; Richard Cromwell ;
ditto in locket ; Lord and Lady Thomond, by S. Cooper ;
Nicholas Skinner, by the same painter ; hatchment carried
at the Protector's funeral; small gilt-edged diary; banner;
Oliva pacis ; small cannon-ball ; medicine-chest ; large
Tuscan cabinet in ebony, of elaborate design, for per-
fumes, presented by the Grand-Duke of Tuscany to his
Highness on the arrival of his portrait in Florence ; small
picture of Mary, daughter of Nicholas Skinner, widow of
Thomas Cromwell, who died in 1813, at the age of 104
(see pp. 61, 62) ; various Lives of the Protector and mis-
cellaneous papers, in cabinet.
His Highness's coach appears, from an entry in the
Commons' Journals, May 28, 1660, to have been trans-
ferred to the service and use of Charles II., or such at
least was the design, though, from a passage in the first
volume of " State Papers," p. 266, it seems to have
eventually reached the hands of Lord Hollis. Mark
Noble tells us (but this was a hundred years ago) that a
large barn built by Oliver at St. Ives still (1785) goes by
Relics of Oliver Cromwell. 229
his name ; and the farmer renting the estate still marks
his sheep with the identical marking-irons which Oliver
used, having " O. C." upon them. State-coach and
marking-irons ought certainly to have been secured by
Lord Hollis.
Respecting the articles which descended through Mary
Cromwell, Mark Noble has the following: " The present
Earl of Fauconberg (1785) possesses some valuables which
were the first nobleman's of that title, and presented
to him by his Highness, his lordship's father-in-law.
Amongst these are a sabre worn by Oliver at Naseby.
His head is engraved upon the blade, with this inscrip-
tion : ' Oliver Cromwell, General for the English Parlia-
ment, 1652'; above it, 'Soli Deo gloria'; below it, 'Fide,
sed cui vide.' On the other side of the blade is the
same head and inscription, and a man on horseback,
with the words 'Spes mea est Deo,' and ' Vincere aut
mori.' ' A similar weapon is described in the Gentleman's
Magazine for 1793, p. 209, belonging to some other party.
This may suffice for the O. C. swords, which might fill an
armoury.
But the Fauconberg collection long included an object
of still greater interest, which has now passed into the
possession of the Earl of Chichester. This was Oliver's
pocket Bible, an edition printed for the assignees of Robert
Barker in 1645, bound in four thin volumes for portability,
and having Cromwell's autograph at the beginning of
vol. iii., thus, " O. C. el. 1645," and the words " Qui
cessat esse melior cessat esse bonus." Each volume also
contains " Lord Fauconberg his Book, 1677." Lastly
must be mentioned Lady Mary's knife, fork, and spoon in
a shagreen case, which she derived from her father, and
which she bequeathed to Miss Plaxton, from whom they
passed to her descendant, Mr. Thomas Beckwith, of York,
painter and F.A.S.
Mr. H. R. Field, formerly of Munster Lodge, Tedding-
230 The House of Cromwell.
ton, possesses the portrait of Elizabeth Bourchier, the
Protector's mother, by some Dutch master, a marble bust
of the Protector, several original letters, various articles
belonging to his medicine-chest, one of the brass breast
ornaments worn on the belt of his troopers, Gillray's
caricature representation of George III. inspecting a
miniature of Cromwell, and a collection of drawings
formerly at Brantingsay.
At the thirty days' sale, in 1806, of Sir Ashton Lever's
museum, Oliver's helmet and gorget, and a buff doublet,
were bought for five guineas. They were presented by
a descendant of General Disbrowe to Mr. Busby, who
gave them to Sir Ashton. A three - quarter bust in
armour cut in white paper, and regarded as the work of
his daughter, Mrs. Bridget Fleetwood, is now in the
United Service Institution ; where also are divers other
Cromwelliana. A clock, now in the Philadelphia Library,
and regarded as the oldest clock in America, is called
Oliver Cromwell's clock. His watch, delineated in a print
in the Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1808, is now in
the British Museum. His oval brass snuff-box was
minutely described in Notes and Queries, October 29, 1864.
At an archaeological meeting in York, September, 1846,
another watch turned up, a repeater, maker's name Jaques
Cartier, exhibited by Mr. F. H. Fawkes, of Farnley Hall,
near Otley, together with the original matrix in silver
of a seal for the approbation of parish ministers. Mark
Noble believed himself to be the happy possessor of
the Protector's steel tobacco-box. His boots, with many
other articles, used to be shown to visitors at the
Chequers, in Buckinghamshire ; while a rival pair of
boots formed part of Mr. Mayer's Museum at Liverpool,
together with a cocoanut cup mounted in silver ; and
there is a silver shoe-buckle in the rooms of the Edin-
burgh Antiquaries. Mrs. Inigo Thomas, of Ratten, had
his brooch. Even his finger-ring was found in 1824 at
Portraits of Oliver Cromwell. 2 3 1
Enderby, near Leicester, having a pointedly-cut diamond
between rubies, and " O. C." on each side of the rubies.
Inside the ring were the words " For the Cause " {Gentle-
mail's Magazine, July, 1824). Thomas Dickenson Hall,
Esq., of Whatton Manor, co. Notts, has his silver
drinking-cup, with a cover. The numerous articles in-
herited by the Dickenson family were likely to be genuine,
as they came through the Claypooles. An aunt of
Daines Barrington formerly rejoiced in the possession of
an intricate lock, manufactured in Scotland, but attached
to a chamber-door in Whitehall. Other possessors of
relics are, or were, Mr. Goodall, of Dinton Hall, Ayles-
bury ; Sir Peter Dick, of Sloane Street, Chelsea ; and the
owner of the armoury in the chapel of Farley Castle, the
ancient seat of the Hungerfords, in Wiltshire. The above
list, copious though it may appear, is far from being
exhaustive, and a small space must still be claimed for
objects more strictly belonging to the Protectress's de-
partment. It remains, then, to state that at a sale of
porcelain belonging to Miss Wroughton, of Wilcot, near
Devizes, one lot was styled Oliver's, probably a set of
Delft earthenware, which was popular in England from
1600 to 1660. And when about the same time the antique
furniture of Chavenage House, near Tetbury, was sold by
auction, amongst various Oliverian relics, his quilt in
satin, trimmed with silk fringe, was sold for £3. A
similar quilt of Ireton's fetched one guinea. Nor must
an article belonging to Ireton's wife, Bridget Cromwell,
be overlooked. This is a brass-mounted pair of bellows
adorned with scroll-work and flowers encircling a portrait
of her father, exhibited by Mr. Burkitt at the archaeo-
logical meeting in 1845. Lastly, a kettle — a camp-kettle,
a gift from Mrs. Russel, of Cheshunt — was cherished by
the late Sir Charles Reed, of Hackney, derived through
his wife from her father, Edward Baines, Esq., M.P., of
Leeds.
232 The House of Cromwell.
There was a gentleman resident in the Paragon at
Hackney, Mr. De Kewer Williams, the pastor of an Inde-
pendent Church, whose Cromwellian museum, in one re-
spect at least, was emphatically unique, for it included 233
different engraved portraits of him, 180 being English, 39
French, 7 Dutch, 6 German, 1 Italian ; and by this time the
collection is doubtless still further enriched. Other items
in this gathering were portraits in oil (one apparently an
original) ; miniatures on various grounds and bas-relievos of
every material ; a statuette of considerable age, possibly
contemporary ; besides coins, medals, seals, silver lockets, a
large ivory tankard, the carving around which represents
the Dissolution of the Long Parliament ; all the best en-
gravings of Oliver, inclusive of caricatures native and
foreign ; and lastly a book-case of characteristic device,
containing a selection of rare works illustrative of his
career, in various languages.
In the execution of his picture of the Dissolution of the
Long Parliament, Benjamin West was anxious to examine
a miniature of great repute, then belonging to an old lady,
a member of the Russell family. " Lord Russell " is
described as the mediating channel through whom per-
mission to inspect was, after much difficulty, obtained.
But permission was only one step in advance. Sundry
preliminaries had to be observed, for which the painter
was hardly prepared. The box containing the miniature
lay at the lady's banking-house, and whenever it was
brought to her own home, the servants were all put into
livery as for a State reception, and visitors were required
to appear in Court dress. Benjamin West's Quaker pre-
judices revolted against the sword and other paraphernalia
belonging to that costume ; but deeming it best to waive
his objections for the nonce, he was duly ushered along
with others into the lady's bedroom, where she appeared
propped up with pillows and dressed with plumes and
jewels. The box was opened, and Mr. West had at
Portraits of Oliver Cromwell.
last the satisfaction of holding the Protector's miniature
in his hand. A glance sufficed to verify the report of its
excellence. He had never before seen, he said, so ex-
pressive a likeness of " Cromwell." At the word "Crom-
well " the old lady's eager hand had plucked the jewel from
his profane grasp and replaced it in its casket. With an
agitated voice she declared that Mr. West could not again
be permitted to handle it. " You must know," she added,
" that in my presence he is never spoken of but as my
Lord Protector." Lord Russell here interposed, and after
suitable apologies and explanations obtained for Mr. West
the privilege of another long inspection, in the course of
which the courtly painter found sundry opportunities for
magnifying the name and virtues of our Lord Protector.
After the lady's death, he made another effort to see it
through her executors, but all the information he could
get was that when the box was recovered from the banker's
the picture was absent, and was supposed to have gone
abroad. Thus it seemed hopelessly lost, but Mr. West
was of opinion that the beauty of its execution would
ensure its restoration to the light. (Notes and Queries,
July 15, 1865.) Possibly its subsequent history may be
read in a statement occurring in a letter to the present
writer, written in 1848 by the late Sir Thomas Frankland
Lewis, to the effect that the best portrait of Oliver he had
ever seen was " a miniature in the hands of Sir Augustus
Foster, who had purchased it at Turin. It was by Cooper,
and had belonged to some of Oliver's descendant's." As
to the lady herself, who paid such affectionate homage to
his memory, she may be conjecturally identified with one
of the two members of the Russell family who successively
filled the office of bed-chamber woman to the Princess
Amelia.
The portrait (life-size) in Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge, was probably the last taken from life, for it
represents him worn and faded from the fatigues of office
234 The House of Cromwell.
and indoor life. It was presented to the college, in 1766,
by Thomas Hollis, the antiquary, who accompanied the
gift with two unsigned letters as follows :
" To the Master and Fellows of Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge.
" An Englishman, an assertor of liberty, citizen of the
world, is desirous of having the honour to present an
original portrait in crayons of the head of O. Cromwell,
Protector, drawn by Cooper, to Sidney Sussex College in
Cambridge. London, Jan. 15, 1766.
' I freely declare it, I am for old Noll ;
Though his government did a tyrant's resemble,
He made England great, and her enemies tremble.'
" It is requested that the portrait should be placed so as
to receive the light from left to right, and be free from
sunshine. Also that the favour of a line may be written
on the arrival of it, directed to Pierce Delver, at Mr.
Shore's, bookbinder in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden,
London."
Second letter :
"A small case was sent yesterday by the Cambridge
waggon from the Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street,
directed to Dr. Elliston, Master of Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge, free of carriage. It contains a portrait which
the Master and Fellows of that College are requested to
accept. London, Jan. 18, 1766."
How and when the donor's real name was discovered is
uncertain, but the letters were so characteristic that it
could not long remain a secret. Thomas Hollis died in
1774, Dut we learn from his memoirs that it was known in
1780. (Notes and Queries, February 24, 1872.)
The Standard of Oliver Cromwell. 235
The Standard of Oliver Cromwell.
Mr. Henfrey observes, writing in 1875, that there seems
to be only one example of a Commonwealth flag now in
existence in this country. It was the standard hoisted
during that period on the flagstaff at Chatham Dockyard,
and it is still preserved at the private house of the Captain-
Superintendent of the dockyard, Captain Charles Fellowes,
C.B. It is there deposited in a curious chest of carved
cypress, taken by Sir George Rook out of a Spanish
galleon in Vigo Bay in 1704, and which was used for hold-
ing colours. The following notice of it occurs in the
Kentish Gazette, January 11, 1822 :
" Cromwell's Standard. — When his Royal Highness the
Duke of Gloucester visited the dockyard at Chatham a
few days since, he was shown Cromwell's standard,
supposed to be the only one remaining in the kingdom.
Its ancient simplicity and good preservation excited the
attention of his Royal Highness. When his late Majesty
visited the yard in 1781, it was shown to him, and he
expressed a desire that particular care might be taken of
it. The flag is red, twenty-one feet by fifteen, having on
it St. George's Cross, red on a white field, and the Irish
harp, yellow on a blue field, the shield surrounded by
branches of palm and laurel."
Respecting which memorandum, Mr. Henfrey further
observes that the writer errs in calling it Cromwell's
standard, since it carries the arms of the Commonwealth
of England and Ireland only, which differ considerably
from the bearings of the Protectorate. On May 18, 1658,
an order of Oliver's Council directed " That the standard
for the General of his Highness's fleet be altered, and do
bear the arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with
his Highness's escutcheon of pretence according to the
impression of the great seal of England, and that the
jack-flags for the flag-officers of the fleet and for the
0
6 The House of Cromwell.
general ships of war of his Highness be the arms of
England and Scotland united, according to the ancient
form, with the addition of the harp, according to the
model now shown, and that the Commissioners of the
Admiralty and Navy do take order that the standard and
jack-flags be prepared accordingly." The standard thus
determined on bore quarterly, first and fourth, argent, the
cross of St. George, gules, for England ; second, azure, a
saltire, argent, being St. Andrew's cross for Scotland ;
third, azure, a harp, or, stringed, argent, for Ireland. On
an escutcheon of pretence in the centre were the paternal
arms of Cromwell, sable, a lion rampant, argent.
The National Ensign was in all probability down to
1658 the flag of St. George introduced by the Common-
wealth in 1649 ; but by the order above quoted we learn
that the old Union Jack, bearing the combined crosses of
St. George and St. Andrew, was revived, with the singular
alteration of placing the Irish harp "over the centre" (as
Mr. Henfrey supposes) of the flag. This altered Union
Jack was, of course, disused upon the restoration of
Charles II., nor was Ireland again represented in the
Union flag until the reign of George III., when the cross
of St. Patrick was added to the jack on the union with
Ireland, January 1, 1801. During the short period
between the resignation of the Protector Richard and the
return of the King, the standard was probably that of the
Protectorate with the Cromwell escutcheon omitted. The
ensign was perhaps the Union Jack as altered in 1658.
(From a paper by H. W. Henfrey on the " Commonwealth
Flags.") In the matter of colours, costumes, and badges
worn by the several companies of the fighting armies in
the early stages of the war, much information is supplied
in the life of Admiral Deane by his descendant, John
Bathurst Deane.
The Coins of Oliver Cromwell. 237
The Coins of Oliver Cromwell.
" Numismata Cromwelliana ; or, The Medallic History
of Oliver Cromwell, illustrated by his Coins, Medals, and
Seals, dedicated by permission to the Marquis of Ripon,
' the eminent statesman, the patron of archaeology and
art, and a descendant of the Cromwell family,' " by
William Henry Henfrey, author of " A Guide to English
Coins," member of the Numismatic and other learned
societies (4to., 1877), is a fascinating and exhaustive
treatise on a department of our history concerning which,
notwithstanding the extant account of Simon's works,
little before was known. With a copious history of mint-
ing operations during the period in question, it supplies
also the biographies of the artists engaged, and is rich not
only in scientific data, but in contemporary anecdote.
The pictorial delineations, which are of extraordinary
beauty, being the product of the Autotype Company,
include all the English specimens, and also foreign imita-
tions and Dutch satirical pieces. In presence of so
finished a work of art, it would be an impertinence to
treat its details in a cursory style. Beyond, therefore, a
notice of the Dunbar medal, but little attempt will be
made to rifle its contents.
Oliver's numismatic history commences with the victory
of Dunbar, September 3, 1650. Two days after the news
of that event reached the House, a resolution was passed
for a general distribution of memorial pieces to the army,
and constitutes the first instance in English history of the
same medal being granted to officers and men alike, as is
our present practice. Nor was it ever done again till the
battle of Waterloo, in 1S15, when a distribution of silver
medals was in like manner made to every man present at
the action. Relics of this kind in commemoration of
great men and great events have, of course, been common
time out of mind ; but in the whole space of our own
238 The House of CromwelL
history preceding the battle of Waterloo, the Common-
wealth of England stands alone in the gift of this form of
decoration to every man of every grade in the army.
It was proposed that the Dunbar medal should exhibit
on the one side a view of the Parliament sitting, and on
the other an effigy of the victorious General, backed by a
distant view of the army, and superscribed "The Lord of
Hosts," which had been the battle-cry on the occasion ;
and Thomas Simon, the renowned medallist, was sent
down to Scotland to convey to him the wishes of the
House, and to make the necessary studies for the bust.
Oliver expressed his cordial approval of the design, except
that he wished his own portrait to be left out ; but as this
would not be listened to, Simon went back to London
furnished with those materials, which have issued in that
representation of the General in middle life, which we
instinctively feel to be the true one, well executed in the
Dunbar medals, but still better expressed in the Inaugura-
tion medal. Both are represented in Plate I. of the auto-
types in Mr. Henfrey's work.
In executing the reverse for the smaller of the Dunbar
medals, namely, the view of the Parliament sitting, Simon
used up a die which he had formerly engraved for the
Meruisti medal. This was a medal which had been ordered
in 1649 to decorate several sea-captains who had done
good service to the Commonwealth ; and it had on the
obverse the Commonwealth arms in the form of the
English and Irish shields suspended from an anchor, and
the word Meruisti. These, with their gold chains, were
ready for delivery in 1653, and Cromwell having in the
meanwhile become Protector, he had the pleasure of per-
sonally presenting them to Generals Blake and Monk, to
Vice-Admiral Penn, Rear-Admiral Lawson, and others.
Of the Cromwellian coinage generally, Mr. Henfrey,
after reciting the eulogies of various numismatic authorities,
concludes with those of B. Nightingale and R. Stuart
The Coins of Oliver Cromwell. 239
Poole, the latter being the Keeper of the Coins in the
British Museum. Says Mr. Nightingale: "They have
always been considered the most truthful, graceful, and
highly-finished specimens of modern medallic art. Indeed,
they have never been surpassed by any productions of the
English Mint. Perhaps we might say they have never
been equalled." Mr. Poole says : " The great Protector's
coins, designed by Simon, the chief of English medallists,
are unequalled in our whole series for the vigour of the
portrait, a worthy presentment of the head of Cromwell,
and the beauty and fitness of every portion of the work."
But, beautiful as the Protector's money was, it had but
a very limited circulation. As he died within a few months
after the great coinage of 1658, the specimens then afloat
would very naturally be hoarded as memorials of him and
as curiosities. Samuel Pepys tells us that even so early
as 1662 Cromwell's pieces were prized and bought up by
connoisseurs. From the circumstance that no specific
mention is made of them in Charles II. 's proclamation
calling in the Commonwealth money, it has even been
argued that they were never in public circulation. This
Mr. Henfrey does not admit, and thinks, with Sir Henry
Ellis, that it must have been deemed quite unnecessary to
prohibit in a proclamation the currency of coins which had
virtually gone out of sight.
Oliver's seal on the death-warrant of the King differs
from that which he commonly used, inasmuch as the
demi-lion holds a fleur-de-lys instead of a javelin or ring.
The same seal follows Harrison's name. Perhaps he was
without a seal at the time, and Cromwell, standing by, lent
him his. The published facsimiles of the warrant do not
correctly represent this seal.
240 The House of Cromwell.
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell.
Oliver Cromwell was a man of prayer. To his honest
apprehension the hand of Providence was throughout his
career as distinct and palpable as the sun in the heavens.
To retain the benefit of this sure defence, it followed that
the only possible course open to him was that of childlike
obedience. Along this path he moved with the serene
confidence only known to the sons of faith, and the
power of his genius was born of the innocency of his
heart. Personal supremacy was valuable only as it
furnished the means for carrying out those maxims of
religious liberty, civil order, and Protestant ascendancy in
Europe, which he often told his brother sovereigns abroad
were the terms of his Divine commission. In Rome he
discerned the chief eneirry to the liberties, the prosperity,
and the piety of mankind, and in nations devoted to her
sway the strongholds of tyranny and vice. In face of
such a state of things, he was not called upon when
smitten on the one cheek to offer the other also. That
might be a personal duty. Possibly it might not be a
national duty. Nationality was an element not of his
creation, but it was a factor which went for a great deal in
the history of human progress, and he found himself, by
the will of Heaven, in possession of a national sword.
Without adopting the fiction of a Christian nation, he had
to ask himself the question why that sword was placed in
his hand as a Protestant potentate in the then state of
Europe. His answer to that question was, as we know,
a systematic plan of resistance to Papal influences
abroad. By parity of reasoning it appeared to him just
and right to exercise the same law of force at home ; and
he exercised it so far as to meet and ratify the universal
craving for an outward and visible profession of Chris-
tianity, but combining therewith absolute toleration for all
doctrines that were not opposed to the nation's peace.
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 241
To him, as to Milton, the attainment of those ends was a
more important object than the symmetry of the machinery.
The respective views of the two men in matters ecclesiastic
may or may not have corresponded in some executive
details, but Milton had the good sense not to stand against
the Protector's decision under the circumstances of the
hour. Milton was born to be a theologian ; Cromwell
was born to be a Ruler. Milton's views of Church
organization were manly, Apostolic, and evangelical ; and
when looked at from the private Christian's standpoint,
they were all-sufficient. But Cromwell had to look at the
matter from the Ruler's standpoint, and this was a very
different affair. He had to sweep a politico-ecclesiastic
horizon which was charged with thunder-clouds, an horizon
of far wider reach than that of Milton's model Church,
which only asked to be guided back into Apostolic order.
The period between the battle of Worcester and the
dissolution of the Long Parliament was greatly occupied
by national discussions on what was called "the propaga-
tion of the Gospel " — a term embracing the whole question
of the alliance of Church and State, the selection 01
pastors, and the maintenance of the old system of tithes
versus a declaration of absolute voluntaryism. Committees
were sitting, books printed, petitions presented, proposals
entertained, in all which Cromwell was a patient worker
and watcher ; and we must therefore conclude that, when
he reached the conviction that England was not yet ready
for the experimental adoption of Milton's theories, he had
weighed the matter with all the powers he possessed.
Now, it has often been stated that his resolution to
maintain the parochial clergy by force and arms was the
one point in which he thoroughly disappointed John Milton
and his brother voluntaries. It may be so. Perhaps he
much more disappointed himself. But before surveying
the difficulties of his position, let us clear the ground by
first disposing of Richard Baxter's objections. It was the
16
242 The House of Cromwell.
recorded opinion of this divine that Cromwell systemati-
cally prepared the public mind for his own personal
exaltation by first stimulating the religious extravagances
of the hour, in order that himself might be welcomed as
the patron and restorer of order ; and that, having attained
his end, he trusted thenceforward to the policy of doing
good for his continued security, "that the people might
love him, or at least be willing to have his government for
that good." So, then, we are to understand it was all in
furtherance of his own interest. Any solution will satisfy
Baxter rather than admit that the Protector adopted the
course which he deemed most righteous for righteousness'
sake. But to those of us who believe that Cromwell
possessed what the Scriptures term "a single eye," the
crooked policy here attributed to him is altogether inad-
missible. To a dignitary like Baxter, who caused Quakers
to be put in the stocks at Kidderminster, and to other
ministers who shared his sentiments of clerical domination,
the Protector's decision, one would think, might have
been sufficiently palatable, let the motive be what it
might. It was the amount of toleration which went along
with it which the Presbyterian champion so resented.
No man loved better than he did the order and power
implied in the phrase " Church and State," and liberty of
conscience consequently took, in his estimation, the place
of rank heresy — liberty of the lay conscience, that is to say ;
for ministers were the only true guides of opinion. " If,"
says he, referring to the early stages of the struggle, " there
had been a competent number of ministers, each doing his
part, the whole plot of the furious party might have been
broken, and King, Parliament, and religion preserved."
By the " furious party " here are meant the Anabaptist
soldiers, who in the days of his army chaplaincy had so
often outraged his official dignity by controverting his
dogmas of Church polity.
But leaving Baxter to learn in the after-school of tribu-
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 243
lation the lesson of mutual forbearance, we may now look
at some other of Oliver's difficulties, and in so doing take
a glance at the actual state of English churches. They
comprehended, then, to begin with, the entire population.
Everyone who had been made a Christian by baptism
could claim a legal right to church privileges, by which
fiction it came to pass that church discipline was, as it
always must be under the circumstances, a farce. When
Peter Ince, one of the conscientious pastors of South
Wilts, ventured to restrict communion by instituting a
character test, all the parish rose in arms. The church
was theirs, not his. Still more dire must have been the
confusion and clash of tongues when the incumbent hap-
pened, as was sometimes the case, to be a Baptist. Such
was the nature of parochial church life which Cromwell
had to deal with — a system wrought for ages past into
the very fabric of society, one which he had no hand
in initiating, and which he certainly had no power to
arrest.
Church discipline, then, must for the present be re-
garded as unattainable, even if it had ever been possible
to bring it within the reach of an ecclesiastical police ; and
congregations must be treated, not as Christians, but as
citizens. Cromwell knew as well as anyone that Churches
of the primitive age had their organization in their own
hands, but he also knew that as soon as they learned to
look to earthly authority in support or recognition of their
spiritual status, from that moment they became merged in
surrounding influences. Their spiritual status was quenched
in their citizenship, and forthwith became, if not a myth,
at least an undefinable quantity outside of the legislator's
notice. Milton, with the daring of youth, had once said :
" A commonwealth ought to be but as one huge Christian
personage, one mighty growth and stature of an honest
man." The aspiration was poetic — it was even prophetic
and Biblical — but as yet it was far enough out of sight in
244 The House of Cromwell.
England ; and when he and Cromwell found at last an
opportunity of giving to their endeavours a practical
shape, the reform had to drop down to the regulation of
parish churches ; and how to exalt and purify even these
by legislative action it was felt could only be a very
superficial affair.
But in addition to them, the legislator had also to
recognise the existence of other gatherings of Christian
men. From the days of Constantine downwards, Catholic
unity had forcibly preserved the peace in this respect ; but
Protestantism is the nurse of sects, and as England and
Scotland were Protestant, so the sects abounded. They
could not be obliterated. Nay, putting aside the bitter-
ness of rivalry kept alive in them by the action of paid
teachers, they are a healthy symptom of life. In any case,
then, let them enjoy a common share of that protection
which is their undoubted right as citizens, though not as
spiritual persons. Even Milton could not withhold this
amount of governmental support.
By this principle, therefore, Cromwell appears to have
guided his course. The various religious parties were
given to understand that they had perfect liberty to think
and let think. He attempted neither to define nor to
defend the theological position of any one of the belligerents,
but he was resolved, if possible, to keep them one and all
from cutting each others' throats. How this amicable
neutrality could be secured, when the beneficed clergy
retained the power of summoning the civil sword in defence
of their tithes, could never have been very clear. Ap-
parently, there was at present no mode of escape out of
the dilemma ; but so far as the circumstances of the case
permitted, he became what has been termed " a despot for
freedom of conscience," paradoxical as it may sound.
Could a succession of Cromwells be counted on, the
system of compromise thus put into action might possibly
retain some healthy efficiency, and the religious freedom,
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 245
which he secured in spite of the parochial clergy, be
indefinitely perpetuated. Still, it was but a compromise,
a temporary expedient adopted in hope of something better
turning up ; and, so far as his own conscience was con-
cerned in the matter, it is satisfactory to know from his
repeated declarations that he believed he had pursued the
right course.
Was there any other prominent object to be considered?
Yes, there was the selection and payment of ministers.
Here, also, if legislation would but consent to sit still and
ignore the existence of Christianism, Milton's conclusions
were irresistible. And as England then was, another con-
clusion also was irresistible — every parish would become
in succession the seat of civil war. Those who are
familiar with the schedules of estates called " particulars,"
which the Royalists had to furnish when they compounded
for their " delinquency," will have observed how frequently
the rural rectories were in the hands of laymen, who,
while they kept the tithes to themselves, and maintained
the fabric of the church in repair or disrepair, as the case
might be, met the ecclesiastical wants of the people
by paying a small stipend of from £40 to £70 to
some curate or vicarius, who was very much at their
mercy. And as were the Royalist landowners, so were all
other landowners. Now, let it be conceived for a moment
what would have been the result of tearing up such a
system as this in countless parishes, where there could be
no possible agreement in doctrinal matters, and conse-
quently no concord in the choice of a pastor — at a time,
too, when the Quakers were perambulating every village in
the realm and sowing broadcast the seeds of ecclesiastical
revolt. Was it not better to allow the right of presenta-
tion to remain for the present with the landowners or
other patrons, and qualify the evil by subjecting the
nominees to the strait gate of examination ? So Oliver
appears to have reasoned.
246 The House of CromwelL
And this brings us at last in sight of the county courts
of arbitrators, called " tryers " or " expurgators," and by
the episcopal party basanistai, or "tormentors," selected
from professors of different Protestant creeds, lay and
clerical, and appointed to pronounce on the fitness or
otherwise of candidates for benefices. They were not
altogether a new institution, Acts for the ejectment of
scandalous and insufficient divines having been on the
statute-books ever since the time of James I. (see the
Commons' Journals as far back as June 22, 1604), but under
the Commonwealth the system was brought into more
rigorous practice. This is what Professor David Masson,
in his " Life of John Milton," so repeatedly terms " Crom-
well's State Church," but which, after all, means no more
than this : that he met the helpless cry for a paid pastorate
by furnishing the best article within his reach ; and in
furtherance of this object it must be admitted that his
supervision was anxious and incessant. In Marchmont
Needham's book, published in 1657, entitled " The Great
Accuser Cast Down," we are told that " His Highness,
having near one half of the livings in England one way or
other in his own immediate disposal by presentation, he
seldom bestoweth one of them upon any man whom him-
self doth not first examine and make trial of in person.
Save only that at such times as his great affairs happen to
be more urgent than ordinary, he useth to appoint some
other to do it in his behalf. Which is so rare an example
of piety, that the like is not to be found in the stories of
princes."
And then, touching the sources of income, how to find
a substitute for tithes was felt to be a bottomless question.
There was some talk of experimenting in Ireland, and
gathering tithes into a common fund for re-distribution
among incumbents, but it came to nothing. Oliver
evidently shrank most sensitively from the injustice of
any plan which looked like pauperizing the regular clergy.
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 247
On this ground he fought their battle from first to last.
He told the House that the best among the clergy would
heartily welcome some more gracious scheme of support,
if such could be found ; but until that happy discovery
were made, tithes were unavoidable. To fall back on
universal voluntaryism, he thought, would be unfair treat-
ment towards the ministers.
But let Cromwell's solicitude as the father of his people
be what it might, was not the above plan tainted with the
old inherent vice of withholding from the churches the
right to choose their own pastors ? It certainly was
the withholding of that right from the parishioners in the
mass, whether they were Christians or not. And if we
wish to know how the exercise of such right would be
likely to work, we have only to look at those parishes
where the popular election of their rectors or ministers
still prevails in England. Though blood may not be
actually spilt, as was the case in some of the earlier
battles between bishops, the spectacle is equally unedify-
ing. What, then, it will be asked, is legislation to do in
such a case ? After an experience prolonged for two
centuries since Oliver fell asleep, we might be tempted to
utter a summary sentence very much at variance with his
plan of action. But in judging of that plan so far as he
was implicated, we have to remember that, in the Reforma-
tion era, through which his own youth had passed, the
Protestant conscience was absolutely saturated with the
Divine mission of a stationary preaching clergy. Ever
since the hour of his conversion he had been prominent
in their advocacy, and to give them a fair chance now
that he had the power was clearly with him a point of
conscience. The most advanced Christian thinkers of
that day were as yet very far from taking the ground
which John Foster (the essayist) occupied a hundred and
fifty years later when he started the suggestion that all
ecclesiastical organizations were useless and mischievous,
248 The House of Cromwell.
and the sooner they were dissolved the better. Pure
Protestantism, or the Biblical principle of light against
darkness, had never before found herself in the seat of
authority — at least, in England. The metaphor which
represents the champion of Puritanism with a sword in
one hand and a Bible in the other is a perfectly just one;
for though Puritanism was something more reformed than
the Anglican Reformation, it was that something still
pronouncing itself by the aid of Governmental force.
The main difference lay here : that, in place of subsidizing
a Church of priests, the monopoly was transferred to a
Church of pastors. These had now to be put upon trial,
and in spite of the check delivered by the re-ascent of the
Anglican Church to the supreme power, the experimental
preaching dynasty of the sixteenth century has gone on
ever since. Should it have to resign its functions to
something better, it will not, in the meanwhile, have lived
in vain.
Here the defence of Oliver's Church policy must come
to an end. If we say that, in presence of the moral
upturnings through which the nation had passed, he saw
no other method whereby to ride the angry storm, let it
be accepted as an admission that he was able to read his
position better than we can read it for him, though it
leave untouched the counter-axiom that no civil power
has ever yet shown itself sufficiently pure to become the
earthly representative of the kingdom of righteousness.
How far he was himself aware of the false position held
by subsidized divines may be partly gathered from his
own explicit disavowal of their exclusive charter, and this
in fairness ought to be now added : " Where do you find
in Scripture," he had said to the Scots ministers, "a
ground to warrant such an assertion that preaching is
exclusively your function ? Though an approbation from
men hath order in it, and may do well, yet he that hath
no better warrant than that hath none at all. I hope He
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 249
that ascended up on high may give His gifts to whom He
pleaseth ; and if these gifts be the seal of mission, be not
you envious though Eldad and Medad prophesy." To
the Irish prelates and priests he had further said :
" I wonder not at discontents and divisions where so
antichristian and dividing a term as clergy and laity is
given and received — a term unknown to any save the anti-
christian Church and such as derive themselves from her.
' Ab initio non fuit sic. . . .' It was your pride that
begat this expression, and it is for filthy lucre's sake that
you keep it up, that by making the people believe that
they are not so holy as yourselves they might for their
penny purchase some sanctity from you, and that you
might bridle, saddle, and ride them at your pleasure, and
do (as is most true of you) as the Scribes and Pharisees
of old did by their laity — keep the knowledge of the law
from them, and then be able in their pride to say : ' This
people that knoweth not the law are cursed.' "
These revelations of his personal convictions give us
some insight into the conflicting elements through which
he had to steer his course. It was impossible, for ex-
ample, that he could be deaf to the woes and waitings of
the Quakers, flogged, imprisoned, and robbed by tithe-
gatherers. We know, in fact, that a very fair list could
be exhibited, were there time, of kindnesses and deliver-
ances wrought not only by himself, but by members of his
household, in behalf of the sufferers. Some (not all) of
the Quaker annalists have been very unjust towards him
in this matter, attributing to him personally what was
due to the tyranny which, in that age of local govern-
ment, magistrates at a distance from London were able
to exercise with impunity. Where he could not legally
interfere was in those violations of established order in
which some of the more audacious Quakers indulged. It
matters little. The Quakers, meanwhile, were quite right
in attributing to his governmental sanction the ugly
250 The House of Cromwell.
machinery of a dominant clergy, under which they suffered
most cruelly. He became — we can hardly doubt it —
more fully sensible of the reigning evil when failing health
and foreign complications left him no further time for
organic reforms.
The effect on the ministers themselves was still more
morally disastrous. They supported the Protector's
authority so long as it lasted, and then, as one man, fell
prostrate at the feet of returning Royalism, having done
their utmost to bring it about in pure dread of the
encroachments of Quakerism. And their official repre-
sentatives and successors to the present hour revile the
Protector and all his works.
The crucial test of the Act of Uniformity proved the
personal worth of many of them as men and as Christians,
and so far forth reflected credit on the system which
placed them in office ; and if that crucial test did not at
once bring the expelled Two Thousand round to the
platform of John Milton and the Quakers, it at least gave
positivism to those principles which, by a slower routine,
will eventually show that platform to be the only honest
and victorious one. Strange was the destiny of the
Puritan poet. Led, like his illustrious friend, the Puritan
captain, away from the path which he had originally
chosen into other scenes and controversies which were
necessary for his mental education, he proved in his own
case the wisdom of that friend's axiom — how feeble is
human forecast when compared with the faith which asks
where the next footstep shall be planted ! If the Civil
War had brought forth no other fruit than John Milton's
controversial writings, the crop might well challenge the
benediction of all succeeding ages. His polemics were as
far in advance of the pulpit of his day, or of our own,
either, as the intelligent patriotism of the Protector went
ahead of the crotchets of his Parliaments. Not a few of
his compatriots of the present generation have this con-
Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 251
viction profoundly seated in their hearts, and their own
forced and temporary inaction is rendered just support-
able by the thought that the words of the master ready
stand, waiting like Samson's foxes, so soon as the
Philistines' harvest shall be fully ripe, to run in and set
the field on fire.
For two hundred years the exaltation of John Milton's
poetry has been made by his pseudo-admirers the means
of smothering his authority as a divine. In an epic or
lyric form he may be tolerated in the most fastidious
drawing-room — pictorially edited or plain — illuminated or
obscured, as the case may be, by distracting quotations
from heathen writers or the microscopic revelations of
commentators. There is only one proviso to be observed
— his orthodox writings must never be bound up with his
apocrypha.
But this apocryphal divinity of John Milton will yet be
the death of idolatry. Absorbing all that was crystalline
in George Fox, all that was practicable in Puritanism,
and all that was gallant in good citizenship, he sets forth
Christianity as hostile indeed to lawless tyranny, but in
no sense uncongenial with national self-assertion — rather,
indeed, as the sole guarantee of a people's advance.
Priestcraft by a law of necessity withers beneath his touch,
and God's true heroes stand out in celestial relief. The
sacerdotalists to a man instinctively recoil from his pages,
but they will never be permitted to forget that the
anatomist who has gibbeted their cause, and their martyrs,
too, in perennial infamy, was the sublimest of poets and
the ripest of scholars, the most logical controversialist
and the most finished Latinist — a man of child-like faith,
serenest valour, and harmonious soul. Vain is it for one
traducer after another to tell us how he was ignominiously
" vomited forth of the University," or to picture him as
destitute of natural affection. His position in the heavens
is fixed and eternal. His imperial friend and himself
252
The House of Cromwell.
stand out as the Castor and Pollux of a storm-ridden sky,
nor has their lustre yet reached its culmination. Oliver
once threatened that the guns of England should be
heard under the walls of the Vatican. The guns of
England in those days, simple Puritan guns though they
were, were sufficiently eloquent to awake in the sacerdotal
breast the desire, as John Dryden expresses it, " Behind
more Alps to stand, although an Alexander were her
guard."
CHAPTER XIV.
THE CROMWELLS OF AMERICA.
MEMBERS of the Cromwell stock, though they
are still numerous in North America, have
to a great extent died out of the old country.
This remark is made, not in reference to
the Protectoral branch only, but to various offshoots
parting company with the central stem of the Midland
Counties before Oliver became conspicuous, and now
only dimly traceable through earl)- parish registers, testa-
mentary documents, and ecclesiastical presentations. And
some of these evidences, it may be observed, crop up
in very unsuspected quarters. For instance, there are
several such existing in the registers of rural parishes
round Devizes in Wiltshire, as well as in the neighbouring
county of Somerset, and in the city of Bath, as already
mentioned. Moreover, the title has disappeared from the
peerage. But Cromwell, as a patronymic, is not the only
illustrious name which has been gradually suffering eclipse ;
and we must rest contented with the assurance that its
memory at least will never die. Not a few cases of dis-
appearance arose from the action of sundry cautious or
prejudiced individuals, in the era of reaction, discarding
the name of Cromwell and reassuming the family alias of
254 The House of Cromwell.
Williams ; but still more from the practice, which early-
set in, of emigration to New England and Maryland. In
that country there would be little temptation in after-times
to put the name under a bushel. The tendency would be
rather the other way ; and the result has been, as stated
above, that Cromwells are now found scattered over the
Eastern States ; they have even penetrated California.
Mark Noble quotes the " History of Massachusetts Bay "
as authority for the existence of a valiant and wealthy
buccaneer, known in the Western seas as Captain Cromwell,
who died at Boston as far back as " about 1646." We are
not to suppose that the old sea-rover went thither in
pursuit of religious freedom ; but in less than a dozen
years after his death we have abundant evidence in the
Land Agency Office of Annapolis of the presence of more
permanent and law-abiding settlers bearing the same
name — of whom more anon. At a still earlier period than
the above — namely, in James I.'s time — Henry Cromwell
of Upwood, third son of Sir Henry Cromwell of Hinchin-
broke, had interested himself in the settlement of Virginia,
and was one of the " adventurers " who advanced money
to cultivate that province. The fictitious story of Oliver
Cromwell's being frustrated by royal mandate, when at-
tempting to embark for America, no doubt obtained
popular currency from the known fact that so many of his
name from time to time pursued the like course. The
principal point of attraction seems to have been Maryland
rather than New England, for the following reason. As
the Lords Baltimore had in succession procured for their
territory in Maryland charters favourable to religious
freedom, in the interests of those who, like themselves,
held the Romish faith, sober Protestants shared in the
privilege ; so that it came to pass that members of the
Church of England, who were excluded by rigid Puritanism
from Massachusetts, and Puritans, on the other hand, who
found Virginia too hot for them, alike found refuge in this
The Cromwells of America. 255
intermediate province. Other inducements to colonize the
Baltimore territory were made from time to time. It was
understood that fifty acres, more or less, were free to all
comers, and that everyone might claim it, whether rich or
poor. Here is an early entry from the Annapolis records :
In 1653 " Geessam [Gershom ?] Cromwell demands land
for his own transportation and for the transportation of
his wife and daughter " (liber iv., folio 49). Annapolis
is the county town of Anne-Arundel, and capital of the
State of Maryland ; from the city of Baltimore it is
distant about eighteen miles.
The question that Americans, then, naturally ask is :
" Whence did these early Cromwellians spring ? Do we or
do we not possess amongst us the direct descendants of the
Protector ? Our own personal tastes — the tastes, that is
to say, of some of us — together with various family tradi-
tions, seem to point to an affirmative issue ; though, after
the lapse of two centuries, the documentary evidence has
confessedly become obscure and intricate."
In answering this question, it will be well to commence
by removing certain misconceptions ; and first, in respect
of cognate descent from the Protector through the Clay-
poole connection. Although it is an indisputable fact that
the children of Elizabeth Claypoole, Cromwell's second
daughter, died without issue, the belief, nevertheless, long
prevailed in the States, owing to the number and promi-
nence of Claypooles there resident, that the link was well
authenticated. The owners of the name, it is presumed,
are by this time pretty well disabused of the conception ;
but it may be interesting to make a short digression in
their favour, before treating of the Cromwells proper.
First, as furnishing a creditable set-off against the moral
shadow cast by Mark Noble on the memory of John Clay-
poole, the Protector's son-in-law ; and secondly, as as-
sociating the name with the triumphant march of American
Independence.
256 The House of Cromwell.
James Claypoole, the brother of John, quitted the old
country for New England when somewhat advanced in
years ; but previous to that event his eldest son John,
having become intimate with William Penn, had accom-
panied the philanthropist to Philadelphia in 1682, in the
capacity of surgeon. In 1689 he was holding the more
prominent office of Sheriff of Philadelphia. In Penn's
Diary are preserved one or more letters confirmatory of
this friendship. John's grandson William was the husband
of Elizabeth Griscom, who, as " Betsey Claypoole," long
carried on the upholstery business in Philadelphia, and
was the maker of the first American standard flag. In
this first standard she arranged the thirteen stars in a
circle, and the form of her star, with its five points, is still
retained throughout the States. Her house of business
was No. 239, Arch Street, and was still standing in 1885.
In Harper's Magazine for July, 1873, may be seen a
narrative of George Washington's visit to her establish-
ment in 1777, in company with George Ross of Maryland
(who was her brother-in-law). Betsey Claypoole died in
l833, aged eighty-six years, and the flag-making business
continued for some time to be carried on by her daughter
Clarissa Claypoole ; but this lady, as a member of the
Society of Friends, becoming increasingly unwilling that
her handiwork should be utilized for belligerent objects,
eventually relinquished the occupation.
Returning to James Claypoole, with whom we began,
an extract from a letter of his, written in England in 1682,
preserved in the Philadelphia Historical Society, ma)- here
be recited. " My eldest son John," says he, " is going
away this week in the Amity, R. Dymond, Pens., to be
assistant-surgeon to William Penn. I have bought five
thousand acres of land, and have fitted John out with all
things necessary. His employment is very creditable, and
if he is diligent and sober, may come in a few years' time
to be very profitable. ... I have a great drawing in my
The Cromwells of America. 257
own mind to remove thither with my family ; so that I am
given up, if the Lord clears my way, to be gone next
Spring, — it may be, about a year hence."
Pursuant to this " drawing " towards a land of freedom,
James Claypoole, in the following year, reached Phila-
delphia by the ship Concord, carrying with him his wife
Helena, his four remaining sons — James, Nathaniel,
George, and Joseph — and his three daughters — Mary,
Helena, and Priscilla ; besides five servants. From this
stock numerous representatives have branched off in
various directions, and their annals, we feel assured, can
well afford to stand on their own merits. We now go on
with the representatives of the Cromwell name.
In meeting a second misconception, it will hardly be
necessary to warn the reader off from Negroland. Yet it
may not pass unnoticed, that among the commercial an-
nouncements made by persons of this name in Philadel-
phian and other newspapers and directories, the advertisers
not unfrequently turn out, upon inquiry, to belong to the
coloured race. Nor must we blame the innocent ambition
of men who, after emancipation from the condition in
which they were known only as Tom or Nick, and finding
themselves at liberty to adopt their own patronymics,
sought to identify themselves with such houses as Raleigh,
Trevelyan, Sydney, Russell, Talbot, or Cromwell ; besides
that in many cases they did but call themselves after
their own masters. If this explanation suffice not, more
domestic consanguinity will not be worth the tracking.
There were two principal Cromwellian groups in Mary-
land— those of Baltimore City and those of Cecil County.
The former were the earliest on the scene by perhaps half
a century, though other arrivals would naturally occur
from time to time, claiming clanship with their pre-
decessors, and intermarrying with them, other kindred
families associated with them being those of Hammond,
Bond, Rattenbury, Woolghist, Trahearne, Wilson, etc.
17
258 The House of Cromwell.
With the Cecil County group, who went over near the
middle of the eighteenth century, descent from Oliver
Protector is out of the question, since the pedigree of the
Protectoral house at that period is thoroughly well known
and definitely recorded. If existing anywhere, it must be
sought among those of the previous century.
The first oral tradition to be noticed is that of Miss
Katharine Cromwell, of Washington, living in 1885, and
who, if still alive, must be ninety-four years of age. Her
statement is to the effect " that among the individuals
constituting an early colony of Cromwells, Hammonds,
and Bonds, the eldest of the Bonds was named Peter, and
that one of the Cromwells was a William, born in the old
country in 1678, and dying in 1735, and that his wife's
name was Mary." All very true, probably, and seemingly
built on transmitted dates. We have to see how far it
dovetails with other facts. Miss Cromwell is aunt to
Mr. Thomas Cromwell, of 906, First Street, N. W. Wash-
ington.
A more positive narrative rests on the testimony of
Mrs. Sidney Norris, residing at Olney, near Ilchester, in
Howard County, Maryland (born Elizabeth, daughter of
Richard Cromwell, of Baltimore, M.D.), a lady con-
spicuous for her intelligent interest in the ancestral story.
Here we are first introduced to a barrister, named Richard
Cromwell, practising in Huntingdonshire in England,
whose three sons (keeping an eye on the Annapolis
records), John, William, and Richard, were grown men
in 1670. But what was the exact era of this Huntingdon
barrister? His age would very well fit in with that of
Richard, the son of Sir Philip Cromwell, born in 1617
(Noble's " Protectoral House," i. 357), but that Richard
seems to have left a daughter only. This solution failing
us, it must be admitted that there is no other printed
record capable of supplying the want ; and we must there-
fore suppose him to be one of the (then) numerous Crom-
The Cromwclls of America. 259
wells whose memorial is still shrouded in a parish register.
Neither may we identify him with Richard, son of Henry
Cromwell, the Lord - Lieutenant of Ireland, for that
Richard, being born in 1665, could not have been the
father of sons grown up in 1670, even if it could be shown
that any of Henry's children ever went to America. It
has, indeed, been suggested that Richard and William,
sons of the Lord-Lieutenant, becoming, like the rest of
their brothers and sisters, unfortunate, were dropped out
of notice by the family biographers, and that the story of
their obscure and early deaths might more truly have
taken the form of emigration to America ; but as there
were already on the Transatlantic scene still older persons
bearing their name, they really are not wanted to help us
out of the difficulty, and we may therefore go on with
Mrs. Norris's narrative.
Richard Cromwell, though he appears never to have
set foot in America, acquired the grant of a large estate in
Frederick County, subsequently known as Cromwell's
Manor. He was also one of the largest, if not the very
largest landowner in Baltimore, and the estates thus
acquired, together with town-houses in Baltimore City,
are still enjoyed by his descendants, who are persons of
good fortune and standing. The family carried over with
them from the old country a large stock of household
plate, engraved with a Cromwell coat-of-arms. There is
no trace of Richard's will in America. A search at Peter-
borough, in England, would probably bring it to light.
The next in descent to be noticed is :
John Cromwell, styled " of Fairfield," one of the
Baltimore estates. He married Elizabeth Todd, and had
three sons, namely :
I. Richard, of whom presently.
II. Colonel Thomas Cromwell, of Bedford County,
Pennsylvania, where, about 1785, in conjunction with
partners, he established the first iron-works, west of
260 The House of Cromwell.
the Susquehanna. In 1787, a new county being
formed out of a part of Bedford, Colonel Cromwell,
being on the Commission, caused it to be named
Huntingdon, and one of its townships is called Crom-
well. Descendants of this gentlemen are believed to
be still extant.
III. John Cromwell, M.D., died s.p.
Richard Cromwell, of Fairfield. A will bearing his
name, preserved at Annapolis, August 17, 1717, mentions
Elizabeth as the name of his wife, and Richard and John
as his two sons, while Thomas Cromwell is the name of a
cousin. By this will slaves are bequeathed, but no real
estates are devised. One of the legacies is that of a negro
girl to Margaret Rattenbury, and after her death to
Hannah Rattenbury and her heirs for ever (!) The next in
succession is :
John Cromwell, of Fairfield, who marries Hannah
Rattenbury (Hannah was born in 1704), and is subse-
quently represented by another Richard of Baltimore,
M.D., father (by Miss Hammond) of Mrs. Norris afore-
said. But it is evident that two or more generations
have been lost sight of in this sketch, and as there were
divers contemporary kinsmen, it may be as well to com-
plete this section by recording the titles of the Cromwell
charters, etc., preserved in the Land Office at Annapolis,
not hitherto referred to :
1670. A warrant, granted 19th December, to George
Yale for 600 acres. Three hundred of them, bearing the
name of " Cromwell's Adventure," are at the same time
assigned to John and William Cromwell, of Calvert
County (liber xvi., folio. 151). Sixty - five years later
" Cromwell's Adventure " is re-surveyed for William's two
grandsons, William and John.
1680. Will of William Cromwell, signed by himself and
his wife, Elizabeth Trahearn. Mention is made of two
brothers, John and Richard; of two sons, William and
The Cromwells of America. 261
Thomas, though there were others. The lands willed are
" Cromwell's Adventure," " Mascall's Hope," and " Hunt-
ing Quarter." Will proved 3rd March, 1684-85.
1723. Will of Thomas Cromwell. Two sons are men-
tioned, Thomas and Oliver. The lands devised are " Ken-
sey," to his brother John Ashman ; " Oliver's Chance," to
John Cromwell ; " Maiden's Chance " and " Oliver's Range,"
with " Cromwell's Chance," to the two sons. Proved in
the same year ; but the four exors., William Cromwell and
John Ashman, two cousins, viz., John Cromwell and
George Bailey, together with his eldest son, all immedi-
ately after resigned the office. No reason stated.
1731 or 1733. " South Canton," being a part of the
Fairfield estate, granted to Robert Clarkson in 1680, is
now assigned to Captain John Cromwell.
1733. Will of John Cromwell. Four children men-
tioned— Margaret, John, Hannah, and Anne. Lands
willed are : Three tracts in ' Gunpowder Forest," called
" Cromwell's Park," "Cromwell's Chance," and "Crom-
well's Addition." The land formerly held by Thomas
Cromwell in " Whetstone Neck " to be sold for his debts.
His wife Hannah (Rattenbury) executrix. Proved 9th
May, 1734. The widow re-married within the same year
William Worthington, at St. Paul's.
1730. Will of William Cromwell. Four sons, William,
Alexander, Joseph, and Woolghist. Lands willed: "The
Deer Park " and " Cromwell's Enlargement." Witnesses :
John Cromwell, Joshua Cromwell, and George Ashman.
Proved 12th February, 1735.
1745. Will of John Rattenbury, in favour of his
nephew, John Cromwell.
1813. " South Canton " and " Hay-Meadow," two
portions of Fairfield, re-surveyed, and patented as one
tract for Richard, son of John Cromwell (by Elizabeth
Todd).
It now remains to take note of the Cromwells of Cecil
262 The House of Cromwell.
County, and of their offshoot in Kentucky. Here we have
to begin with Thomas Cromwell, of Huntingdonshire, in the
old country, who in the early part of the eighteenth century
married a Welsh lady, named Venetia Woolgrish, or Wool-
ghist, and himself died in England, leaving two surviving
sons, John Hammond Cromwell and Vincent Cromwell,
who, with their widowed mother, passed over to America in
1763 to join the Cromwells of Baltimore, with whom they
claimed kinship, and apparently had full warranty for so
doing. The elder son at that time was twenty years of
age, and Vincent was eleven. The family at first located
themselves at Port Tobacco, in the southern part of Mary-
land, but eventually secured an abiding-place on the ridge
of an imposing plateau called Mount Pleasant, in Cecil
County, in the north-east corner of the State ; their own
particular domain bearing the name of Cromwell's Moun-
tain, subsequently corrupted into " Cromley's Mountain,"
for such is the name of the neighbouring railway-station
on the Columbia and Port Deposit line. The quaint old
family residence, which still dominates this tableland,
stands in the midst of a farm of 300 acres, at a spot
between the main road and the Susquehanna River, and
about a mile and a half from Rowlandville Station on the
Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railway. It is con-
structed partly of stone, but principally of timber, sheathed
with clap-boards and surmounted by a gambrel roof.
Inside the house the walls of the rooms are scored all
over in diamond pattern, and the floors are, from
age and settlement, far from level. The founders of the
house sheltered it with Lombardy poplars ; but perhaps
the most interesting feature of the place is a quadrangular
enclosure not far from the house, surrounded by a box
hedge six feet in height. This is the family cemetery, and
here may be spelt out the brief memorials of many a
Henry, a Venetia, an Oliver, or a Henrietta of the illus-
trious clan.
The Cromwells of America. 26
6
Here lived and died the elder of the two brothers afore-
said, John Hammond Cromwell. His wife's name was
Mary Hammond Dorsay. His children were : I. Henrietta
Maria, who married Reuben Reynolds, and became the
mother of Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds, surgeon of the
U.S. army, and others. By her second husband, John
Briscoe, of Kent County, Maryland, there was also issue.
II. Matilda, married to Mr. Harlan. III. Frances.
IV. Delia, married to Richard H. Keene, of Kentucky, all
of whom left descendants. His will, which was proved
October 12, 1819, is registered at Elkton (lib. G. G.,
No. 7, folio 309). The old family house, which it seems he
had named " Success," he leaves in succession to the
Harlan family, and then to Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds
aforesaid. It is still occupied by relatives ; but, as he had
no sons, the name of Cromwell has there died out. One of
his surviving representatives is Mrs. Stacey, of Oswego,
in New York State, wife of Colonel M. H. Stacey, of the
U.S. army. Among other provisions of his will, Mr.
Cromwell frees his slaves.
Now, in respect of Vincent, the younger brother of John
Hammond Cromwell, he appears to have moved into the
neighbouring State of Kentucky (where, in fact, both the
brothers had acquired estates), settling near Lexington
about 1793, where he died in the same year as his brother,
1819. By his wife, Rachel Wilson, he had eleven children,
as follows :
I. John, born 1781, whose descendants live in
Ohio.
II. Benjamin, born 1782. His children were:
(1) John; (2) Oliver; (3) Alvin ; (4) William;
(5) Howard ; (6) Vincent ; (7) Marcus ; (8) Caroline ;
(9) Nancy. Of this group, John was recently reported
as living at the age of eighty. Oliver, the second son,
must be the gentleman who, a few years back, while
passing through Cape Town on a cosmopolitan tour,
264 The House of Cromwell.
attracted so much notice by his characteristic bearing
and physiognomy, that a resident artist — Mr. Barnard
— was happy to secure several photographs from him.
III. Joseph, of Lexington, in Missouri, where his
descendants still flourish.
IV., V., VI. Joshua, Vincent, and Oliver ; this last
possibly identical with the Oliver Cromwell of Caro-
lina who, in 1828, published a poem entitled " The
Soldier's Wreath," in celebration of General Jackson's
defence of New Orleans.
VII., VIII., IX., X., XI. Sarah, Rebecca, Hannah,
Rachel, and Mary. One of these daughters was the
mother of the present Hon. Cromwell Adair, of
Kentucky. Hannah, the third mentioned, married
Nathaniel Ford, whose daughter is the wife of H.
Hammond Randolph. Mrs. Ford died in 1881, at
the age of ninety-two.
During the War of Independence, two names con-
spicuous on the American side were Captain William
Cromwell and Major Stephen Cromwell, both from the
vicinity of Baltimore City. A third member of the family
was John Cromwell — who entertained at his house near
" Rye Pond," New York, Generals Washington and
Lafayette — described as a descendant of John, cousin of
the Protector, and son to Sir Oliver, of Hinchinbroke.
Sidney Cromwell, in 1776, at New York, published an
essay entitled " Political Opinions."
Mrs. C. T. Cromwell, in 1849, was the author of " Over
the Ocean ; or, Glimpses of Travel in Many Lands " ;
New York.
A final notice may be taken of the name of Hammond,
which, it will have been observed, is frequently found in
connection with the American Cromwells, as it had also
been in England. This ancient and knightly family, Mark
Noble observes, were greatly divided in their religious and
political opinions. The most notable historical figure
The Cromwells of A?7ierica. 265
among them is, perhaps, Robert Hammond, the guardian
of Charles I. in the Isle of Wight ; but there is no reason
to conclude that the Major-General John Hammond, who
held office in Maryland under Queen Anne, was other than
the descendant of a Royalist. An entry in the register of
St. Anne's, Annapolis, states that he was buried by James
Walton, the Rector of that parish, November 29, 1707,
who describes him as " the Honourable John Hammond,
Esq., Major-General of the Province of Maryland, Western
Shore, and one of her Majesty's Most Honourable Council,
and Judge of the High Court of Admiralty in the said
province." The funeral took place, not at Annapolis, but
on the Hammond estate, three miles from that city, where
the inscription on his tombstone is still legible, and states
that he died in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He
married a daughter of Colonel Greenberry, and left
descendants at Baltimore, who were subsequently joined
by other English emigrants of the same name. One of
the race still living — viz., William A. Hammond, M.D.,
Surgeon-General in the army — has a name of great and
deserved eminence in the States.
For the gathering of the above facts I am entirely
indebted to the industrious courtesy of P. S. P. Conner,
Esq., of 126, South 18th Street, Philadelphia, who has
long been on intimate terms with various members of the
Cromwell house, and whose intelligent interest in historical
matters eminently qualifies him for the task of sifting
evidence. His principal informant was Mr. William H.
Corner, connected by marriage with the Baltimore Crom-
wells. One of Mr. Corner's friends, Mr. William Henry
Cromwell, of Philadelphia, deriving from the Cromwells
of Road, near Frome, in Somerset county, England, bears
an unmistakable resemblance to Oliver the Protector ;
and yet the Somerset Cromwells do not derive from Oliver
direct, but rather from Sir Philip, his uncle. There can
be little doubt that the early progenitors of this race must
266 The House of Cromwell.
have been distinguished by personal traits of a very pro-
nounced character ; and as it is a known fact that ancestral
resemblances, both mental and physical, do occasionally
crop up after protracted intervals, there is no reason why
the vera effigies of his Highness should not reappear
amongst us from time to time. Sir Walter Scott has
made use of this physiological tendency in his romance of
" Red Gauntlet." Some have thought that the Protector's
countenance is traceable in the Addison family, of Soham,
who descend from him through Henry, the Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland.
INDEX.
COURTESY TITLES ARE OMITTED.
Acklom, Jonathan, m. Mary Con-
stable, 170 ; issue :
Richard, Ann Elizabeth [see
Neville), Mary, Lucy (see Constable,
Charles), Rosamund, 170
Adair, Hon. Cromwell, 264
Adams, Lucy Ducarel, daughter of
Francis Adams, m. Sir William
Adolphus Frankland, 159
Addison, Elizabeth (v. D'Aye), m.
Thomas Addison, of Soham, 50 ;
issue :
Mary, Elizabeth (see Hill), Mary
Russell (see Sunman), Russell (see
below) Thomas, Frances,\Villiam, 50
Addison, Russell, 51
Addison, William, son of above, 51 ;
issue :
Thomas Russell, William Oliver
Cromwell, 51 (issue : Charles
William, Charlotte Barnby, Frank,
Edith Maud); Henrietta Fox, 51
(see D'Eye)
Agar-Ellis, Lady Caroline Elizabeth,
daughter of the Earl of Normanton,
m. Edward, fifth Earl of Clarendon,
181
Ampthill, Odo William Leopold
Russell, Baron Ampthill of, m.
Emily Theresa Villiers, 181 ; issue :
Arthur Oliver Villiers, Victor
Alexander Frederick, Alexander
Victor Frederick, Constance Evelyn
Villiers, 181
Anti-Corn-Law League, the Right
Hon. Charles Pdham Villiers and
the, 176, 177 ; Lord Clarendon and
the, 1S0
Armstrong, Avarilla Aphra, m. Arte-
midorus Cromwell Russell, 68
Armstrong, Mary Esther (v. Russell
of Cheshunt), m. General George
Andrew Armstrong, 6S
Ashburnham, Lady Theodosia Maria,
m. Robert Vyner of Gautby, 175
Ashton, Captain John, father of Sir
Thomas Frankland Lewis's second
wife, 142
Ashton, Julia, daughter of Job
Ashton, m. Hugh Rerners, 108
Astley, Lieut. - Colonel Francis
L'Estrange, m. Rosalind Alicia
Frankland (second wife), now Mrs.
P>ankland Russell Astley, 157 ;
issue :
Bertram Reginald, Hubert
Delaval, Reginald Basil, 157
Barham, Lady Katharine, daughter of
Walter James, first Earl of Verulam,
relict of John Barham, m. George,
first Earl of Clarendon, 180
Barnard, Alfred, 100
Barnard, Alfred Francis, too
Barnard, Francis Fierrepont, loo
Barnard, Henry Boldero, m. Sarah
Elizabeth Gee, 164 ; issue :
Henry Gee, Charles Lewyns,
164 ; Edward William (issue :
Edward Charles Gee, Rosamund,
Caroline), 165 ; Sarah Eleanor (see
Delpratt), 165
Barnard, Thomas, IOO
Barnard, William, second husband
of Jane Ireton, 100; issue, ibid.
Barnard, Win., grandson of above, 100
268
The House of Cromwell.
Barrington, Hon. and Rev. Lowther
John, m. Katharine Georgiana
Pelham, 162
Barron, Anne, daughter of Edward
Barron of Northiam, m. Francis
John Field, 73
Barron, Esther, daughter of E.
Barron, m. Henry Field, 71
Barton, Catherine, second wife of
Rich Russell, 127
Barton, Elizabeth, cousin to Oliver,
second son of the Protector Richard,
42
Baudouin, Anne, daughter of Rene
Baudouin, second wife of Sir
Thomas Frankland, third Bart.,
afterwards relict of Adam Car-
donnel, and first wife of Frederick
Meinhardt Frankland, 132
Baxendale, Mr., the Hursley estate
passed to in 1894, 40
Beadnell, Alfred George Streatfield,
m. Beatrice Mary Polhill, 99 ;
issue :
Montgomery Polhill Beadnell, 99
Beke, Major Richard, m. the Pro-
tector's niece Levina, 186
Bell, Constance, daughter of Matthew
Bell, m. Frederick Thomas Whin-
yates, 147
Bell, Jane, daughter of Mr. Bell, m.
Wynyard Huddleston Warner, 70
Bellasyse, Arabella, m. Sir William
Frankland, 130
Bendysh, Henry, 107 ; issue :
Henry, Mary (see Berners), Eliza-
beth (see Hagar), 107
Bendysh, Thomas, m. Bridget Ireton,
102
Bentinck, William, eldest son of Lord
Edward Charles Cavendish Ben-
tinck, m. Frances Elizabeth Con-
stable, 170
Berners, Charles, 108 ; issue :
Charles, Henry Denny (see below),
William (issue : William, Henry,
Arthur), Martha (see Jarrett), 108
Berners, Rev. Henry Denny, 108 ;
issue :
John, Hugh (issue), Ralph (issue),
Alice, 10S
Berners, William, m. Mary Bendysh,
107 ; issue :
Charles (see above), Henry (issue :
Emma), 108
Birkbeck, Robert, m. Mary Harriet
Lubbock, 167
Blackden, Catharine, daughter of B.
Blackden, m. Henry Francis
Worsley, 168
Blackden, J. C, m. Isabella Worsley
(issue), 168
Bligh, Eliza Mary, daughter of the
Hon. Sir John Duncan Bligh, m.
Walter John, fourth Earl of
Chichester, 162
Bonner, Blanche Frances, daughter of
Major-General Bonner, m. Herbert
Cromwell Collier, 153
Boringdon, John Parker, first Baron,
m. Theresa, daughter of Thomas,
first Lord Grantham, 172 ; issue :
John, second Baron and Earl
of Morley, Theresa (see Villiers),
176
Borrett, Elizabeth, daughter of John
Borrett of Shoreham, third wife of
David Polhill, 98
Borthwick, Algernon, Baron, m. Alice
Beatrice Lister (issue), 179
Bourchier, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
James Bourchier, of Felsted, Essex,
m. Oliver Cromwell (see Elizabeth,
the Protectress), 19
Bourchier, Sir James, 19, 22, 86
Bowles, Dinah, fifth daughter of
Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland,
m. William Bowles, 143 ; issue :
William, Admiral, K.C.B., 140,
141, 144; George, G.C.B. ; Thomas,
Henry, Anne (see Fowler), Lucy,
Charlotte, Harriet, Katharine,
Amelia, Augusta, 145
Briscoe, John, second husband of
Henrietta Maria Cromwell, 263
(issue)
Bromley, Sir Thomas, Lord Chan-
cellor of England, father of Sir
Oliver Cromwell's first wife, 15
Brown, Henry Alexander, m. Diana
Caroline Hotham, 166
Bruce, Louisa, daughter of William
Bruce, m. Thomas H. W. Pelham,
162
Brudenell, Mary, daughter of Robert,
sixth Earl of Cardigan, m. Henry
Thomas, third Earl of Chichester,
162
Buller, Caroline, daughter of Rev.
William Buller, m. John Barrington
Pelham, 162
Bulwer-Lytton, Sir Edward, m.
Edith Villiers, 177; Viceroy of
India, 1S2 ; issue :
Index.
269
Rowland Edward, Henry Mere-
dith Edward, another son, Eliza-
beth Edith, Constance Georgina,
Emily, 182
Bunhill Fields, Cromwells buried at,
191
Burghersh, Lady Augusta Selina
Elizabeth, relict of Ernest Fitzroy
Neville, Lord Burghersh, m.
Thomas, sixth Baron Walsingham,
156
Burn, Augusta Sophia (r*. Russell of
Cheshunt), m. Robert Burn, 67
Burroughs, Mrs. Jane, daughter of
Jane Lloyd, 100
Bush, Avarilla Oliveria Cromwell (v.
Russell of Cheshunt), m. Rev. Paul
Bush, 68 ; issue :
Thomas Cromwell, Elizabeth
Oliveria, James Graham, Paul
Warner, Charles Cromwell, Char-
lotte Mary Avarilla, Beatrice Maud,
Herbert Cromwell, Ethel Julia,
Gertrude Harriet Cromwell, Mabel
Ottley, 68
Buxton, Laura Priscilla, daughter
of Sir Edward Buxton, m. Henry
Francis Pelham, 162
Callaghan, Grace Elizabeth, daughter
of Grace Gosset, m. John Callaghan,
154 (issue, see Palmer)
Campbell, Elizabeth, of Ormisdale,
wife of General Francis Frankland
Whinyates, 147
Campbell, Sir Alexander, m. Ilarriette
Augusta Rover Collier, 154
Cardonnel, Anne, relict of Adam
Cardonnel, see Baud on in
Carey, Katharine, daughter of General
the Hon. Henry Carey, wife of Sir
John Russell, eighth Bart., 130
Carey, Katharine Henrietta, daughter
of Roger Frankland, 141
Carlyle, Thomas, vii-x, 1, 22,23, 3$)
122, 185, 217
Carncroft, Jane, m. Chief Justice
Barron Field, 72
Carter, Nathaniel, m. Mary Fleet-
wood, 109
Cayley, Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas
Cayley, m. George Worsley, 168
Cayley, Sarah Philadelphia, daughter
of Sir George Cayley, m. William
Worsley, 168
Chadwick, James, m. Mary Tillotson,
190 ; issue :
George (issue, Evelyn), John,
Mary (see Fowler), 190
Chalmer, Sarah Mary Emily, daughter
of Sarah Anne Catherina Whin-
yates, m. Major Chalmer, 148 ;
issue :
Anna, Emily Eliza (see Cox),
Catherine Frances, Charlotte Amy
Rachel (see Lysaght), Georgina
Isabella, Gilbert Stirling (issue :
Henry Francis), Reginald, George,
Francis, 148
Chaplin, Emma, daughter of Roger
Frankland, m. W. Chaplin, 141
Cheese, Rev. Edward, m. Amy Maria
Villiers, 178
Chichester, Henry Thomas, third
Earl of, 162 ; issue :
Walter John, fourth Earl, 162 ;
Francis Godolphin (issue : Jocelyn
Brudenell, Ruth Mary, Henry
George Godolphin, Anthony Ashlev
Ivo, Herbert), 162 ; Thomas Henry
William (issue : Mary Louisa),
ibid. ; Arthur Lowther, Harriet
Mary (see Darnley), 162 ; Susan
Emma (see Smith), Isabella Char-
lotte (sue Whitbread), 163
Chichester, Thomas, second Earl of,
161 ; issue :
Mary, Henry Thomas, third Earl,
Amelia Rose (see J ebb), 161 ;
Frederick Thomas, Rear-Admiral
(issue : Frederick John, Frederick
Sidney, Constance Mary Kate,
Emily Blanche, Beatrice Emily
Julia, Kathleen Mary Maude), 161 ;
John Thomas, Bishop (issue: Henry
Francis, John Barnr.gton, Sidney,
Herbert, Fanny), 161, 162 ; Hen-
rietta Juliana, Katharine Georgiana
(see Barrington), Lucy Ann (see
Dundas), 162
Chippenham, residence of Sir Francis
Russell at, 43 ; Henry Cromwell
retires to at the Restoration, 44 ;
manor sold to the Earl of Orford,
129 ; 48, 49
Chiswick, Mary Cromwell died at,
20, 121 ; house at bequeathed to
Sir Thomas Frankland, 130
Christmas, William, m. Octavia Whin-
yates, 148
Clarendon, George William Frederick
Villiers, fourth Earl of and Baron
Hyde, 179; diplomatic career, ibid.:
Viceroy of Ireland, 180 ; issue :
270
The House of Cromwell.
Edward Hyde ; Edward Hyde,
fifth Earl (issue, George Herbert
Hyde), 180, 181 ; George Patrick
Hyde, Francis Hyde, Constance
(see Stanley), Alice [see Skelmers-
dale), Emily Theresa (see Ampthill),
Florence Margaret, 181
Clark, Anne, daughter of John Shep-
herd Clark, second wife of Robert
Nicholas, 149
Clarke, John, name assumed by the
Protector Richard after his return
from exile, 28, 35
Claypoole, Clarissa, of Philadelphia,
256
Claypoole, Cromwell, eldest son of
Elizabeth Cromwell, 114
Claypoole, Henry, second son of
Elizabeth Cromwell, 114
Claypoole, James, of New England,
256, 257 ; his sons John, 256 (J ohn's
grandson William, ibid.), James,
Nathaniel, George, Joseph, 257,
and daughters Mary, Helena,
Priscilla, ibid.
Claypoole, John, 21 ; m. Elizabeth
Cromwell, no
Claypoole, Martha, daughter of Eliza-
beth Cromwell, 1 14
Claypoole, Oliver, third son of Eliza-
beth Cromwell, 114
Clifton, Baron (see Darnley, Earl of)
Cobb, Katharine, daughter of Thomas
Cobb, m. Henry Pelham, 160
Codrington, Samuel, m. Elizabeth
Pyle, 100
Cole, Henrietta Frances, daughter of
William, first Earl of Enniskillen,
m. Thomas, Earl de Grey, 174
Collier, Harriet, daughter of Charlotte
Nicholas, m. Admiral Henry Theo-
dosius Browne Collier, 153 ; issue :
George Baring Browne, Clarence
Augustus, Herbert Cromwell, 153 ;
Gertrude Barbara Rich {see Ten-
nant), Harriet Augusta Royer (see
Campbell), Adeline Letitia {see
Gordon), Clementina Frances (see
Johnston)
Coltman, William J., m. Philadelphia
Worsley, 168
Colville, Katharine, daughter of John,
seventh Lord Colville of Culross,
m. Roger Frankland, 140
Compton, Katrine Cecilia, daughter
of Lord William Compton, m.
Francis, seventh Earl Cowper, 174
Compton, Lord Alwyne, m. Mary
Evelyn Vyne, 175
Constable, Charles, 170 ; issue : Mary
(see Strickland), 170
Constable, Henry Strickland, 171 ;
issue :
Frederick Charles, Marmaduke,
Ethel, Mary Sophia, Rosamund,
Lucy Winifred, 171
Constable, Marmaduke, m. Mary
Worsley, 167 ; issue :
Marmaduke Thomas (issue :
Charles, see above, Marmaduke,
Rachel Marian, see Salmond,
Frances Elizabeth, see Bentinck,
Sarah), Mary (see Acklom), Rosa-
mund, 169, 170
Cookson, Miss, daughter of W. Strick-
land Cookson, m. Walter Field,
?8
Corner, William H. , 265
Cornewall, Harriet, fourth daughter
of Sir George Cornewall, first wife
of Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis,
142
Corsbie, Mary, daughter of Jas.
Corsbie, m. William Barnard, 100
Coryton, Fanny Harriet, daughter of
William Coryton, first wife of Hon.
Thomas Villiers Lister, 178
Courtenay, Rev. Henry Hugh, m.
Anna Maria Leslie, 163 ; issue:
Hen. Reginald, Hugh Leslie, 163
Cowper, George Augustus Frederick,
sixth Earl, m. Anne Florence Robin-
son, Baroness Lucas, daughter of
Earl de Grey, 174 ; issue :
Francis Thomas de Grey, seventh
Earl, Henry Frederick, Henrietta
Emily Mary, Florence, Amabel
(see Herbert), 174 ; Adine Eliza
Anne (see Fane), Amabel (see Kerr),
Cox, Captain P., m. Emily Eliza
Chalmer, 148 (issue)
Cox, Sophia Victoria, daughter of
William Cox, m. Edward Barker
Russell, 67
Creyke, Stephen, m. Sarah Hotham,
166 ; issue :
Walter Pennington, Alexander
Stephen, Alfred Richard, Caroline
Julia, Diana Jane, Gertrude
Hotham, 166
Crompton, Elizabeth, daughter of
Samuel Crompton, m. General Sir
Edward Charles Whinyates, 146
Index.
271
Cromwell, Anna, sister of the Pro-
tector, m. John Sewster, 189;
issue, ibid.
Cromwell, Anna, sixth daughter of
the Protector Richard (see Gibson,
Mrs. Anna)
Cromwell, Anne, second daughter of
the Protector Richard, 3S
Cromwell, Baron John de, Constable
of the Tower, 1
Cromwell, Baron Ralph de, Lord
High Treasurer, 1
Cromwell, Bridget, eldest daughter
of the Protector, 20 ; marriage with
Henry Irelon, 87 ; second marriage
with Charles Fleetwood, 90; letters
from her father to her, 93, 94 ;
letter from her to Henry Cromwell,
95 ; issue, 97-109
Cromwell, Captain, buccaneer, 254
Cromwell, Captain John, 261
Cromwell, Captain William, 264
Cromwell, Catharine, sister of the
Protector, 1S6 ; m., first, Roger
Whitstone, ibid. ; second, Colonel
John Jones, 188 ; issue :
(1) Henry, three other sons;
Levina (see Beke), 186
Cromwell, Dorothy, the Protectress,
33-36 ; parentage and marriage, 37 ;
death, ibid. : issue, ibid.
Cromwell, Dorothy, third daughter
of the Protector Richard, 29
Cromwell, Dorothy, fifth daughter of
the Protector Richard, 38
Cromwell, Dorothy, seventh daughter
of the Protector Richard, birth
and marriage, 40 : death, 41
Cromwell, Elizabeth, daughter of
Walter, 7
Cromwell, Elizabeth, sister of the
Protector, 185 ; letter to from
Oliver, 186
Cromwell, Elizabeth, the Protectress,
petition of, 20, 24, 35
Cromwell, Elizabeth, second daughter
of the Protector, 20, 93, no;
m. John Claypoole, no; letter
from to Lady Elizabeth Cromwell,
112 ; death and burial, 113 ; issue,
114
Cromwell, Elizabeth, daughters of the
Lord-Lieutenant: (1) died young,
(2) married William Russell (see
Russell, Elizabeth)
Cromwell, Elizabeth, eldest daughter
of the Protector Richard, 37-39
Cromwell, Elizabeth, of Hampstead,
56, 59, 109
Cromwell, Frances, fourth daughter of
the Protector, 20, 21, 128 ; m. the
Hon. Robert Rich, 123 ; and Sir
John Russell, 126 ; issue, 127, 128
Cromwell, Francis, younger son of
Sir Richard, brother of " the
Golden Knight," 17 ; possible
descendants, ibid.
Cromwell, Francis, third son of the
Lord-Lieutenant, 48
Cromwell, Geessan (? Gershom), of
Annapolis, 255
Cromwell, Henry, son of "the Golden
Knight," 14, 17, 183; issue:
Henry, 183
Cromwell, Henry, fourth son of
the Protector, 19, 21, 38 ; early
career and marriage, 43 ; Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland, ibid. : death,
44 ; conformed to the Established
Church, 45 ; petition to Charles II.,
ibid. ; issue, 48 et seq. ; letter from
Dr. Owen to, 89 ; correspondence
with Lord Fauconberg, 117, 119;
letter from Mary Cromwell to, 122 ;
90, 116, 120
Cromwell, Henry, the poet, 57
Cromwell, Henry, eldest son of Sir
Oliver, Royalist, 16
Cromwell, Henry, son of above, 16 ;
retook name of Williams and voted
for Restoration, ibid. ; died a poor
man, ibid.
Cromwell, James, eldest grandson of
Sir Oliver, a Colonel in the Royalist
army, 16
Cromwell, James, fifth son of the
Protector, 19, 86
Cromwell, Jane, sister of the Pro-
tector, m. John Disbrowe, 190
Cromwell, John, fuller, of Wimble-
don, 2
Cromwell, John, son of John the
fuller, 3 ; will, 4
Cromwell, John, son of Sir Oliver,
sent by the Prince of Wales to
intercede with his cousin Oliver for
the King's life, 15
Cromwell, John, described as a de-
scendant of John, son of Sir Oliver
of Hinchinbroke, 264
Cromwell, John, of Fairfield, Balti-
more, 259 ; issue :
Richard, 259 ; issue : Richard,
John (issue: Richard, M.D., of
272
The House of Cromwell.
Baltimore), 260 ; Thomas, John,
M.D., 260
Cromwell, John, will : children, Mar-
garet, John, Hannah, Anne, 261
Cromwell, John Hammond, son of
Thomas Cromwell, of Huntingdon-
shire, 262 ; issue :
Henrietta Maria (see Reynolds,
R., and Briscoe, J.), Matilda (see
Harlan), Frances, Delia (see Keene,
R. H.), 263
Cromwell, Katharine, daughter of
Walter, 7 ; m. Morgan Williams, 8
Cromwell, Letitia, of Hampstead, 56,
59, 109
Cromwell, Major Henry, second son
of the Lord-Lieutenant, 48, 52 ;
marriage, 53 ; death, 54 ; issue :
Oliver, Benjamin Hewling,
Henry, William " of Kirby Street,"
Richard (see below), Henry, Thomas
(see below), Oliver, Mary, Hannah,
Cromwell, Major Stephen, 264 [55
Cromwell, Margaret, sister of the
Protector, m. (first wife) Colonel
Valentine Wanton, 188
Cromwell, Mary, third daughter of
the Protector, 20, 44, 115; letter
from to Mrs. Henry Cromwell, 53 ;
m. Lord Fauconberg, 117; her
beauty, 118; death, 121; letter
from to Henry Cromwell, 122
Cromwell, Mary, third daughter of
the Protector Richard, 38
Cromwell, Mr. Oliver, 101
Cromwell, Mrs. C. T., 264
Cromwell, Oliver, eldest son of Sir
Henry "the Golden Knight," 14;
entertains James I. and is knighted
by him, ibid. ; wives and progeny,
15 ; prodigal hospitality and sale of
estates, ibid. ; 17
Cromwell, Oliver, vii-x ; descended
from Katharine, daughter of Walter
Cromwell, 8 ; birth, baptism, edu-
cation, early life, marriage, and
entry into Parliament, 17-19 ; issue,
19 ; unspeakable grief at the death
of his eldest son, 23 ; death of his
second son, 27 ; inquiries after a
grandchild, 38 ; feeling of Henry
Cromwell's wife towards him, 47 ;
the last of his blood and name, 66 ;
his body hung at Tyburn gallows,
88 ; letters to his daughter Bridget,
93, 94; letter to from Oliver
St. John, 97 ; blood united with |
that of Ireton and Hampden, 9S ;
parental anxiety, 1 1 1 ; checkmates
Jeremiah White, 124; the suitors
of his daughter Frances, 123-126 ;
brothers and sisters, 185 ; letter
from to Elizabeth Cromwell, his
sister, 186 ; anecdotes and traits,
198-218 ; singular medal of, 219 ;
corpse exhumed, 220 ; tablet in
Westminster Abbey, 221 ; tomb of,
222-224 ; head of, 224, 225 ; per-
sonal relics, 226-231 ; portraits of,
232-234 ; standard of, 235, 236 ;
coins, 237-239 ; Church policy of,
240-252
Cromwell, Oliver, second son of the
Protector, 19, 22, 24, 25 ; letter
from to the Steward of the City of
Norwich, 26 ; death, 27
Cromwell, Oliver, eldest son of the
Lord-Lieutenant, 48
Cromwell, Oliver, son of the Pro-
tector Richard, 29
Cromwell,01iver, second son of the Pro-
tector Richard, 38, 39, 41 ; patriotic
proposal, 41 ; rejected from Parlia-
ment, ibid. ; death and will, 42
Cromwell, Oliver, of Cheshunt, 59,
63, 64-66 ; issue : [(see Russell)
Oliver, Elizabeth Oliveria, 64
Cromwell, Philip, son of " the Golden
Knight," 14, 17 ; knighted by
James I., 184 ; issue :
Philip, Oliver, 184; Thomas
(issue : Henry), 185 ; Richard,
resumed name of Williams, ibid.
Cromwell, Ralph de (sixth), of
Lambley, Notts, 3
Cromwell, Rear-Admiral Henry, 137
Cromwell, Richard, son of "the
Golden Knight," 183, 184
Cromwell, Richard, third son of the
Protector, 19, 21, 22, 27 ; career
and death, 28, 29 ; character and
disposition, 30-32 ; story of his
twenty years' exile, 33-36 ; issue,
37; 90
Cromwell, Richard, fourth son of the
Lord-Lieutenant, 48
Cromwell, Richard, grandson of
Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland,
38
Cromwell, Richard, fifth son of Major
Henry Cromwell, 57-59 ; issue :
Robert, Oliver, Elizabeth, Anne,
Eleanor, Letitia (see Elizabeth and
Letitia of Hampstead), 59
Index.
^73
Cromwell, Richard, son of John,
261
Cromwell, Richard, M.D., of Balti-
more, 258, 260 ; daughter Eliza-
beth, ibid.
Cromwell, Richard, acquires land in
America, 259
Cromwell, Robert, second son of" the
Golden Knight," 14, 17, 19
Cromwell, Robert, eldest son of the
Protector, 19 ; youth, 22 ; death,
23 ; the Protector's grief, ibid. ;
entry of burial, 24, 25
Cromwell, Robina, sister of the Pro-
tector, m., first, Dr. Peter French,
second, Dr. John Wilkins, 190 ;
issue, ibid.
Cromwell, Sidney, 264
Cromwell, Sir Henry, "the Golden
Knight," son of Sir Richard, 14 ;
marriage, ibid.; issue, 17, 183
Cromwell, Sir Richard (see Williams,
Richard), estates of Ramsey Abbey,
in Huntingdonshire, granted to
him, 13 ; honours bestowed upon
him, ibid. ; builds manor-houses at
Ramsey and Hinchinbrook, ibid. ;
marriage, 14
Cromwell, Thomas, son of Walter,
7 ; member of the household of
Cardinal Wolsey, 4 ; instituted
registration of births, marriages,
and deaths, 7 ; early life, 9 ; em-
ployed at Antwerp, 10 ; journey
to Rome, ibid. ; enters the service
of Cardinal Wolsey, 12 ; suppresses
the monasteries, ibid. : will and
death, 13
Cromwell, Thomas, grandson of
Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland,
38
Cromwell, Thomas, seventh son of
Major Henry Cromwell, 61 ; twice
married, ibid ; issue :
(1) Oliver, Henry, Thomas,
Elizabeth, ibid. ; Anne (see Field),
ibid. ; (2) Oliver (see, of Cheshunt),
Thomas, Richard, Elizabeth,
Hannnh Ilewling, Susanna, ibid.
Cromwell, Thomas, cousin of Richard
Cromwell, of F'airfield, 260
Cromwell, Thomas, will : sons,
Thomas, Oliver ; brother, John
Ashman ; exors., William Crom-
well, John Ashman, John Crom-
well, George Bailey, 261
Cromwell, Vincent, son of Thomas
Cromwell, of Huntingdonshire,
262 ; issue :
John, Benjamin (issue : John,
Oliver, Alvin, William, Howard,
Vincent, Marcus, Caroline, Nancy),
263 ; Joseph, Joshua, Vincent,
Oliver, Sarah, Rebecca, Hannah
(see Ford), Rachel, Mary, 264
Cromwell, W'alter, son of John the
fuller, 3 ; succeeded his father, 4 ;
various descriptions of, 5 ; death, 7
Cromwell, WTilliam, of Palm Hall,
Norwell, 3
Cromwell, William, fourth son of
Ralph de Cromwell, 3
Cromwell, William, fifth son of the
Lord-Lieutenant, 48
Cromwell, William, grandson of
Henry Cromwell, 47
Cromwell, William, son of Sir Oliver,
in the service of the Elector- Pala-
tine, 15
Cromwell, William, will : sons, Wil-
liam, Alexander, Joseph, Wool-
ghist ; witnesses, John Cromwell,
Joshua Cromwell, George Ashman,
261
Cromwell, William, will : wife, Eliza-
beth Trahearn ; brothers, John,
Richard ; sons, William, Thomas,
260, 261
Cromwell, William Henry, of Phila-
delphia, 265
Cromwell of Calvert Co., John and
William, 260 ; latter's grandsons,
William and John, ibid.
Cromwell, village of, 2
Cromwells in the Fen counties, 1
Cromwells of Lincolnshire, 3
Cromwells of Nottinghamshire, 3
Cromwells of Washington : William,
Katharine, Thomas, 258
Cross, Mary, daughter of Alexander
Cross, m. Henry Frankland, 131
Crumwell, Lord, of Westminster, 1
Cust, Evelyn, daughter of Reginald
Cust, m. Arthur Lowther Pelham,
162
Cuyler, Eliza, daughter of Sir Corne-
lius Cuyler, m. Ralph Berners, 108
Darnley, John Stuart Bligh, Earl of,
m. Harriet Mary Pelham, 162 ;
issue :
Edward Henry Stuart, Kathleen
Susan Emma, and others, 163
Dawson, Mary Jay, daughter of
18
274
The House of Cromwell.
William Dawson, m.Colville Frank -
land, 159
D'Aye Mary (v. Russell), m. Robert
D'Aye of Soham, 50 ; issue :
Russell, Saunders (Mrs.), Eliza-
beth (see Addison), ibid.
De Grey, Thomas Philip Robinson,
Earl, Baron Lucas and Baron
Grantham, 173 ; issue :
Anne Florence, Baroness Lucas
(see Cowper), Mary Gertrude (see
Vyner), ibid.
Delpratt, Joseph, m. Sarah Eleanor
Barnard, 165 ; issue :
Eleanor Josephine, ibid.
Delpratt, Samuel, of Jamaica, 165
Denison, Robert, m. Charlotte
Hotham, 166
D'Eye, Henrietta Fox (v. Addison),
m. George H. Rust D'Eye, 51 ;
issue :
Henrietta Fanny, ibid. ; George
Edgar, Agnes Elizabeth, Isabel,
Jane Louisa, Henry, Katharine
Alice, Evelyn, Anne Georgina,
Mabel, Emily, 52
Disbrowe, Colonel John, "warned
home," 36 ; m. Jane, sister of the
Protector, 190
Dobble, Robert Brownell, m. Elizabeth
Mary Polhill, 99 ; issue :
Sybil Mary, 99
Dorsay, Mary Hammond, 263
Drew, John, second husband of Agnes
Surriage, 137
Dundas, Sir David, m. Lucy Anne
Pelham (second wife), 162
Dunn, Margaret Williams, daughter
of General William Dunn, R.A.,
m. Albert William Orme Whin-
yates, 147
Dyer, Rebecca (v. Russell), m. Wil-
liam Dyer of Ilford, 49 ; issue :
William Andrew, Charles Adams,
Thomas John, Mary Eliza, Louisa,
49
Earl, Captain, m. Maria Theresa
Villiers, 177
Elderton, Flora Helen, daughter of
Charles A. Elderton, m. Charles
Frederick Field, 76
Elizabeth, Queen, Sir Henry Crom-
well knighted by, 14 ; 69
Ellis, Elizabeth (v. Peachey), m. Rev.
Mr. Ellis of Milborne, Cambs., 52 ;
Thomas, William, Elizabeth, and
daughter m. Mr. Burbage
Errington, Charlotte, descended from
an old Puritan family named Not-
cutt, m. Alfred Field, 79
Evershed, Arthur, M.D., of Ampthill,
m. Mary Hester Katherine Field, 76
Eyre, Rebecca, sister of Sir Charles
Eyre, first wife of John Russell, 128
Fane, Augusta, daughter of John,
Earl of Westmoreland, m. John,
second Baron Boringdon, and Earl
of Morley, 176
Fane Julian, son of John, eleventh
Earl of Westmoreland, m. Adine
Eliza Anne, daughter of George,
sixth Earl Cowper, 175
Fauconberg, Thomas Bellasyse, Vis-
count Henry Cromwell's attach-
ment to, 44 ; m. Mary Cromwell,
117 ; letters from to Henry Crom-
well, ibid., 119; aids in the
Restoration, 120 ; royal favours,
ibid. ; death, ibid. ; 1 30
Field, Alfred, of New York, 79 ;
issue :
Henry Cromwell, Rosa, 79
Field, Anne, daughter of Thomas
Cromwell, m. John Field, of
Newington, 61, 70 ; issue :
Henry, 71 (issue: Henry Crom-
well, 71 ; Barron, Chief Justice,
72 ; Francis John, Accountant-
General to India House, 73 ;
Esther, 73 ; Edmund, Frederick,
Rector of Reepham, 73 ; Mar-
riott, 74 ; Maria Letitia, 74) ;
Oliver, of New York, 74 (issue :
Oliver, John, Joseph, Thomas, and
daughters) ; John, Umpire at the
Mint, 74 (issue : Henry, Charles,
Frederick, 75 ; Henry William,
Queen's Assay - Master, 75, see
below ; Emma Katharine, 76 ;
Charles Frederick, 76, see below ;
Oliver Cromwell, 76 ; Samuel
Pryer, 77, see below) ; William,
Unitarian minister, 77 (issue :
Edwin Wilkins, 78, see below ;
Arthur, 78; Tohn Hampden, Emma,
Ferdinand Emmans, Laura, Alger-
non Sidney (issue), 79 ; Alfred,
79, see above ; Caroline (issue;
Parker), 79 ; Alice, Lucy, 79,
Horace (issue), 79 ; Leonard)
Anne, 79 (see Gwinnel) ; Letitia,
Index.
/O
80 (see Wilkins), Elizabeth, Sophia,
Mary, 80
Field, Charles Frederick, 76 ; issue :
Charles John Elderton, Flora
Georgiana, Oliver Cromwell,
Katharine Mary Ida, 76
Field, Edwin Wilkins, 78 ; life of,
80-86 ; twice married, 78 ; issue :
(1) Rogers; (2) Basil, Allan
(issue), Walter (issue), Mary,
Grace, Susan, Emily, 78
Field, Henry William, 75 ; issue :
Mary Hester Katherine (issue,
Evershed) ; Katharine Anne Rus-
sell (issue, Snelling) ; Harriet
Elizabeth Pryer, Frances Anna
Ollyffe, Henry Cromwell Beck-
with Letitia Eliza (issue, Thomas),
Minnie
Field, John, of Newington, 59, 70
Field, Samuel Pryer, 77 ; issue :
Cyril, Bertha, Oliver, Maud, 77
Fleetwood, Anne Nancy, daughter of
Bridget Cromwell, 109
Fleetwood, Cromwell, son of Bridget
Cromwell, 108
Fleetwood, Lieut. -General Charles,
30, 44, 49, 60, 71 ; marriage with
Bridget Ireton, 90 ; in social ob-
scurity at Stoke Newington, 91 ;
abstract of his will, 96 ; children
by Bridget Ireton, 108 ; 102, 116
Fleetwood, Mary, daughter of Bridget
Cromwell, m. Nathaniel Carter, 109
Ford, Nathaniel, 264
Fowler, Anne, daughter of Dinah
Bowles, and last survivor of the
family, 145
Fowler, Edward, son of Bishop
Fowler, m. Mary Chadwick, 190 ;
issue : Anna Maria, Elizabeth, 191
Fox, Anne, daughter of Thomas Fox,
of Newlands, Curdworth, co. War-
wick, m. William Addison, 51
Francis, Georgina Ann, daughter of
George P'ranklandjin. J. T. Francis,
141
Frankland, Admiral Sir Thomas,
fifth Bart., 137; marriage, 138;
naval career, 138, 139 ; issue :
Thomas, sixth Bart, (see below),
William, 139 ; Roger (issue :
Frederick William, eighth Bart. ;
Rear-Admiral Edward Augustus,
140 ; Emma, see Chaplin ; Admiral
Charles Colville, Matilda, see
Robison, George (issue : Georgina,
Augustus Charles), Katharine
Henrietta, Octavia, see Mont-
gomery, Louisa, Arthur, Sophia,
Albert Henry, 141), 140 ; Mary
(see Roche), Sarah, 141 ; Harriet,
Anne (see Lewis and Hare), 142 ;
Dinah (see Bowles), 143 ; Katha-
rine (see Whinyates), 145 ; Char-
lotte (see Nicholas), 149 ; Grace
(see Gosset), 154
Frankland, Henry, fourth son of
Sir Thomas Frankland, second
Bart., 131 ; issue :
Charles Henry, fourth Bart.
(see above) ; Thomas, fifth Bart.
(see below) ; William, Richard,
Robert, Harriet, Frederick (issue,
see Powney), 131
Frankland, Sir Charles Henry, fourth
Bart., 133 ; his connection with
Agnes Surriage, ibid. : in the earth-
quake at Lisbon, 135 ; marriage
and death, 136
Frankland, Sir Frederick William,
eighth Bart., 157, 158 ; issue :
Frederick Roger, 158 ; Thomas,
Harry Albert, William Adolphus
(see below), Colville (issue),
Frederica, Eliza Henrietta Augusta
(see Vacher), Maria Margaret Isa-
bella, 159
Frankland, Sir Robert, seventh Bart.,
assumed surname of Russell, 156;
issue :
Augusta Louisa (see Walsing-
ham), Caroline Agnes, Emily Anne
(see Galfrey), 156 ; Julia Roberta
(see Neville), Rosalind Alicia (see
Astiey), 157
Frankland, Sir Thomas, second Bart.,
m. Elizabeth Russell, second
daughter of Frances Cromwell,
128, 129, 130, 131
Frankland, Sir Thomas, third Bart.,
twice married, 132 ; issue :
(1) Diana (see Lichfield), and
others, 132
Frankland, Sir Thomas, sixth Bart.,
156 ; issue :
Robert, seventh Bart., and
others
Frankland, Sir William, first Bart.,
130
Frankland, Sir William Adolphus,
ninth Bart., 159 ; issue :
Frederick, present Bart., and
others
276
The House of Cromwell.
French, Dr. Peter, first husband of
the Protector's sister Robina, 190 ;
issue :
Elizabeth (see Tillotson), 190
Gallwey, Sir William Payne, m.
Emily Anne Frankland, 1 56 ;
issue :
Ralph William, Edwin, Lionel,
Wyndham, Harry, Leonora, Anne,
Bertha Louisa, Isabel Julia, 157
Gardner, Emma Elizabeth (v. Rus-
sell of Cheshunt), m. Herbert
Calthorpe Gardner, 67 ; issue :
Herbert Prescott, Emma Louisa,
67
Gatton, Sarah, daughter of Ebenezer
Gatton, m. Richard, fifth son of
Major Henry Cromwell, 57
Gee, Ann, m. Sir Francis Russell,
sixth Bart., 130
Gee, Co.lonel William, m. Arabella
Talbot (second wife), 164; issue:
Roger, 164 ; issue : Sarah Eliza
beth (see Barnard), Caroline (see
Hotham), 164
Gibson, Mrs. Anna, letter from the
Protector Richard to, 31 ; her
birth, marriage, and death, 39
Girtin, Mary Hog, daughter of
Thomas Calvert Girtin, m. A. F.
Barnard, 100
Gittings, Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Gittings, m. Oliver Field,
74
Glyn, Alice Carr, daughter of Lord
Wolverton, m. Rev. Francis Godol-
phin Pelham, 162
Goderich, Viscount (see Ripon, Earl)
Godolphin, Henrietta Juliana,
daughter of Francis, fifth Duke of
Leeds, m. Thomas, second Earl of
Chichester, 161
Gordon, Adjutant -General Robert,
m. Adeline Letitia Collier, 154
Gosset, Grace, daughter of Admiral
Sir Thomas Frankland, m. Matthew
Gosset, Vicomte of Jersey, 154;
issue :
William Matthew, Henry (Ad-
miral), Charles, Grace (see Cal-
laghan), 154. Arthur ; issue :
Augusta Louisa, Emma, Arthur
Welleslev, Matthew William
Henry (Brigadier - General), Mary
Harriet, 155 ; Philip Henry,
Laura Henrietta, Octavia Georgina
Emily, Gertrude Maria (see Shad-
well), Grace Amelia, Adelaide
Louisa Julia, Edward Frankland
(issue), 156
Goulton, Sarah, daughter of Charles
Goulton, m. Thomas Constable,
169
Grantham, Sir Thomas Robinson,
first Baron, m. Frances Worsley,
167 ; issue :
Thomas, second Baron (see
below), Frederick, Theresa (see
Boringdon), 172
Grantham, Thomas, second Baron,
172 ; issue :
Thomas Philip (see De Grey),
Frederick John (see Ripon), 172
Gray's Inn, 43, 55, 60
Greenhill, Samuel, m. Elizabeth
Russell, 129 ; issue :
John Russell (issue : Robert),
129, 130
Griscom, Elizabeth, m. William Clay-
poole of Philadelphia, 256
Gulston, Justina Maria Stepney,
daughter of Joseph Gulston, m.
George Baring Browne Collier,
Gunton, Simon, reference in his
" History of Peterborough" to the
Protector's son Oliver, 25
Gwinnel, Anne, daughter of Thomas
Gwinnel, m. Henry Cromwell
Field, 72
Gwinnel, Thomas, of Worcester, m.
Anne Field, 79 ; issue :
Thomas Cromwell, 79; Anne
Sophia, Amelia, Diana, 80 ; Eliza,
80 (issue, Johnston)
Gwyther, George, assumed surname
of Leslie and m. Henrietta Anne,
Countess of Rothes, 163
Hagar, John, m. Elizabeth Bendysh,
107
Hale, Octavia, daughter of General
Hale, m. Marmaduke Constable,
169
Hame, Harriet, m. Marcus Worsley,
168
Hamilton, Florence Selina, daughter
of William John Hamilton, second
wife of Hon. Thomas Villiers Lister,
178
Hammond, Family of, 264, 265
Hampden, John, 98
Hampton Court, 20, 54, 117, 1 18
Index.
277
Harcourt, Sir William Vernon, m.
Maria Theresa Lister, 178 ; issue :
Lewis Reginald, 178
Hare, Rev. Robert, second husband of
Anne, fourth daughter of Admiral
Sir Thomas P'rankland, 142
Harlan, Mr., m. Matilda Cromwell,
263
Harris, Katharine Gertrude, sister of
the first Earl of Malmesbury, m.
Frederick Robinson, 172
Harrison, Emma Catharine, daughter
of William Harrison, m. Charles
Andrew Russell, 67
Haswell, Patience, second wife of
Charles Polhill, 99
Haward, Rachel, m. T. C. Girtin,
100
Hawksworth, Amelia, daughter of
Francis Ramsden Hawksworth,
second wife of George Hotham, 126
Haworth, Martin E., m. Mary Eliza-
beth Leslie, 163
Henry VIII., knights Richard
Williams, 9
Herbert, Hon. Auberon, m. Florence
Amabel, daughter of George, sixth
Earl Cowper, 174
Hewling, Hannah, daughter of
Benjamin Hewling, m. Henry
Cromwell, 53, 103
Hill, Elizabeth (v. Addison), m. John
Hill, 50 ; issue :
John, William, Eden, 50
Hinchinbrook, estates of the Convent
of granted to Sir Richard Crom-
well, 13 ; manor-house erected,
ibid. ; Queen Elizabeth and James I.
entertained at, 14 ; sold by Sir
Oliver, 15
Hobart, Sarah Louisa Albinia,
daughter of Robert, fourth Earl
of Bucks, m. Frederick John, Earl
Ripon, 172
Hollis, Gertrude, sister of Thomas
Hollis, Duke of Newcastle, second
wife of David Polhill, 98
Holmes, Mr., m. Mary Russell, 129
Ilordern, Ellen Frances, daughter of
Rev. Peter Hordern, m. Sir John
Lubbock, 166
Horsley, Sarah, daughter of Job
Horsley, m. George Frederick
Russell, 67
Hotham, Gertrude, daughter of Lieut. -
Colonel Hotham, m. Christopher
Neville, 170
Hotham, Lieut. -Colonel George, m.
Caroline Gee (first wife), 164;
issue :
William (Rear Admiral), 165 ;
George, twice married (issue : (1)
Richard, 165, Harriet, (2) Arthur,
Francis, Alice, Laura), 166; Charles,
166 ; John, twice married (issue :
(2) Charles, John, Caroline, Fanny,
Gertrude), 166; Sarah (see Creyke),
Charlotte (see Denison), Gertrude
(see Neville), Diana Caroline (see
Brown), Harriet (see Lubbock),
166
Huddlestone, Mary Esther (v. Russell
of Cheshunt), m. Thomas Huddle-
stone, 68
Hulton, Amelia Maria, daughter of
William Hulton, m. Bishop Henry
Montague Villiers, 177
Huntingdon, Oliver Cromwell re-
turned to Parliament for, 18 ; he
sells his property there, ibid. ; 19
Huntingdon, estates of the Priory of
granted to Sir Richard Cromwell,
Huntingdonshire, estates in granted
to Sir Richard Cromwell, 13
Hursley Lodge, near Rornsey, Hants,
the Protector Richard leaves his
wife and children at, at the Re-
storation, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 40-42
Ireland, Henry Cromwell Lord-Lieu-
tenant of, 43 ; lands of Cromwell
in, 45-47
Ireton, Bridget, third daughter ol
Bridget Cromwell, 40, 92, 102, 121 ;
m. Thomas Bendysh, ibid. ; issue :
Thomas, Bridget, Henry (see
below), 107
Ireton, Elizabeth, daughter of Bridget
Cromwell, 97 ; m. Thomas Polhill
of Otford, ibid. ; issue :
David (see Polhill), Henry,
Charles, 97
Ireton, Henry, eldest son of Bridget
Cromwell, 97
Ireton, Henry, marriage of with
Bridget Cromwell, 87 ; career, 8S ;
death at Limerick, 43
Ireton, Jane, second daughter of
Bridget Cromwell, 99 ; m. Richard
Lloyd, ibid. ; and later to William
Barnard, 100 ; issue :
(1) Jane (see Morse), 1 00 ; (2)
William (issue : William), IOO
278
The House of Cromwell.
James I., Oliver Cromwell, eldest son
of "the Golden Knight," knighted
by, 14 ; 69
Jarret, Dinah, daughter of John
Jarret, m. Rev. Henry Denny
Berners, 108
Jarrett, Herbert Newton, m. Martha
Berners, 108 [108
Jarrett, Rachel, m. William Berners,
Jebb, Major-General Sir Joshua, m.
Amelia Rose Pelham, 161
Jeffreys, Anne Geraldine, daughter of
M. B. Jeffreys, first wife of Major
Ashton Cromwell Warner, 69
Johnston, Frederick Erskine, m. Cle-
mentina Frances Collier, 154
Johnston, Patrick, banker, m. Eliza
Gwinnel, 80 ; issue :
Patrick, Janet Eliza, Henry
Cromwell, Thomas, 80
Jones, Colonel John, second husband of
the Protector's sister Catharine, 1S8
Keene, Richard H., m. Delia Crom-
well, 263
Kendall, William, of Bourton, m.
Letitia Wilkins, 80 ; issue :
Herbert William, Amelia Letitia,
Edmund, Agnes, Harriet, Henry
Kerr, Lord Walter, son of the Marquis
of Lothian, m. Amabel, daughter
of George, sixth Earl Cowper, 175
Kinder, Letitia, daughter of Robert
Kinder, second wife of Edwin
Wilkins Field, 78
Lambeth, copyhold land held by John
Cromwell in, 3 ; his burial there, 3 ;
extracts from churchwardens' ac-
counts, 4
Langmead W., of Plymouth, m.
Laura Field, 79
Lanishen, near Cardiff, John Williams
migrated from, 8
Laroche, Katharine, daughter of Job
Laroche, M.P., m. Charles Berners,
108
Laying, Melissa, daughter of the Rev.
Mr. Laying, m. Frederick Frank-
land, 131
Leslie, Hon. George Waldegrave,
m. Henrietta A. M., Countess of
Rothes, 164
Lewis, Anne, fourth daughter of
Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, m.
John Lewis, 142 ; issue :
Thomas Frankland (issue: Thomas
Frankland,.?^ below), Anne, Louisa,
142
Lewis, Right Hon. Sir Thomas Frank-
land, 138, 139 ; Poor Law Commis-
sioner, 142 ; twice married, ibid. ;
issue :
(1) George Cornewall, second
Bart., 142 (see below) ; Gilbert
Frankland, third Bart, (issue : Ed-
ward Frankland, Herbert Edmund
Frankland, Lindsay Frankland,
Mary Anna, Eleanor), 143
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. m.
Maria Theresa Villiers, relict of
Thomas Henry Lister, 178
Lichfield, Diana, Countess of, daughter
of Sir Thomas Frankland, third
Bart., m. George Henry Lee, Earl
of Lichfield, 132
Liddell, Elizabeth Charlotte, daughter
of Lord Ravens worth, wife of
Edward Ernest Villiers, 177
Lievesley, Eliza, daughter of Maurice
Lievesley, m. John Henry Crom-
well Russell, 68
Lincoln's Inn, Oliver Cromwell studies
law at, 18 ; Richard Cromwell ad-
mitted to, 28
Lister, Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. J.
Lister, m. Thomas Worsley, 168
Lister, Thomas Henry, m. (first hus-
band) Maria Theresa Villiers, 178 ;
issue :
Hon. Thomas Villiers, twice m.
(issue: (1) George Coryton, three
other sons, three daughters, 178 ;
(2) a daughter), 178 ; Maria The-
resa (see Harcourt), 178 ; Alice
Beatrice (see Borthwick), 179
Lloyd, Richard, first husband of Jane
Ireton, 99
Lockhart, Mr. Ambassador, ix ; m.
Robina Sewster, 189
Loughborough, Lord, m. Violet Aline
Vyner, 175
Lubbock, Sir John William, m.
Harriet Hotham, 161 ; issue :
John, present Bart, (issue : John
Birkbeck, Norman, Rolfe Arthur,
Amy Harriet, Constance Mary,
Gertrude, Florence), 166 ; Henry
James, Neville, Beaumont William,
Montague, Frederick, 166 ; Alfred,
Edgar, Mary Harriet (see Birk-
beck), Diana Hotham (see Rodney),
Henrietta Harriet, 167
Ludlow, Edmund, friend of Ireton,
Index.
279
88 ; his " Memoirs " quoted, ibid.,
115 ; 92, 95
Lumley, Lady Anne, daughter of
Richard, first Earl of Scarborough,
second wife of Frederick Meinharcit
Frankland, 132
Luson, Mr. Hewling, 39, 56, 102-
105, 121
Lysaght, Percy P., m. Charlotte Amy
Rachel Chalmer, 148
Major, Dorothy, daughter of Richard
Major, of Hursley and Merdon,
wife of the Protector Richard (see
the Protectress Dorothy)
Marriott, J. P., m. Lucy Henrietta
Strickland, 171
Marshall, Sarah, m. Charles Polhill, 99
Martin, Sarah, of Birmingham, m.
Algernon Sidney Field, 79
Mashams of Otes, the, 22
Mason, Anne, daughter of Thomas
Mason, m. George Frankland, 141
Maynard, Henry, purchases Newport
and Easton from Sir Oliver Crom-
well, 15
Meath, lands of Cromwell in, 45
Midleton of Ireland, George, fourth
Viscount, m. Frances Pelham,
161 ; issue :
Frances Anne (see Thomas), 161
Mills, Anna, daughter of Rev. T.
Mills, of Coval Hall, Chelmsford,
m. Henry William Field, 76
Mills, Rev. Richard, m. Mary,
daughter of Richard Russell, 127 ;
issue :
Thomas (issue : Frederick Rus-
sell, Richard), 128
Milner, Georgina Selina Septimia,
daughter of Sir William Milner,
first wife of Sir C. W. Strickland,
171
Mitchell, Ellen Kate, daughter of
Rowland Mitchell, m. Rear- Admiral
Frederick T. Pelham, 161
Montgomery, Octavia, daughter of
Roger Frankland, 141
Morgan, Augusta, daughter of Thomas
Morgan, m. Arthur Gosset, 155
Morse, Amelia, m. Henry Vansittart,
101
Morse, Mary, m. Mr. Oliver Crom-
well, 101
Morse, Mary, daughter of Morgan
Morse, m. Oliver Cromwell of
Cheshunt, 64
Morse, Nicholas (or Henry), m. Jane
Lloyd, daughter of Jane Ireton, 99 ;
issue :
David, Henry, Nicholas, Daniel,
Elizabeth, Jane, Anne, 99(^Oyle,
Burroughs, Roberts)
Morse, Nicholas, Governor of Madras,
100
Morshead, Louisa, daughter of Henry
Anderson Morshead, m. George
W. E., eleventh Earl of Rothes,
164
Mortimer, John, a Somersetshire
squire, 29 ; m. Dorothy, seventh
daughter of the Protector Richard,
40
Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury,
makes a free grant of land to Walter
Cromwell, 6
Murfyn, Frances, daughter of Sir
Thomas Murfyn, Lord Mayor of
London, m. Sir Richard Crom-
well, 14
Murray, Captain James Hamilton,
m. Fanny Pelham, 161
Murray, Charles Knight, m. Hen-
rietta Anne Leslie, 163
Murray, Hon. Louisa Anne, daughter
of Lord George Murray, Bishop of
St. David's, m. Sir Robert Frank-
land, seventh Bart., 156
Nelson, Mrs., of Mildenhall (v.
Russell), 50
Nevill, Elizabeth, m. Cromwell Fleet-
wood, 108
Neville, Christopher, m. Anne Eliza-
beth Acklom, 170 ; issue :
Christopher (issue : Charlotte,
George), 170; George, 170; Ann
Elizabeth (second wife of Sir C. W.
Strickland), 171
Neville, Ralph Neville Grenville,
eldest son of George Neville, m.
Julia Roberta Frankland, 157 ;
issue :
Robert, George, Hugh, Louisa,
Agnes Magdalen, Beatrice, Ethel-
dreda, 157
Neville, Rev. Christopher, m. Ger-
trude Hotham, 166; issue:
Charlotte, George, 166
Newport Pagnell, death of Captain
Oliver Cromwell at, 27
Nicholas, Charlotte, daughter of
Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland,
m. Robert Nicholas, 149 ; issue :
Edward, Robert, 149 ; William.
28o
The House of Cromwell.
150-152 ; Thomas, Charles, Char-
lotte, Sophia, Frances, Harriet (see
Collier), 153 ; Ellenor (see Sutton),
Maria, 154
Nicholas, Major Griffin, 149
Noble, Elizabeth, m. John Russell,
Greenhill, 129
Noble, Rev. Mark, vii, 17, 18, 30,
38, 40, 44, 101, 114, 133, 185, 188,
191, 254, 255, 265
Norris, Mrs. Sidney, 258, 260
Owen, Dr. John, preacher of Ireton's
funeral sermon, 88 ; letter from to
Henry Cromwell, 89, 105
Oxford, Dr. and Mrs. Anna Gibson
and Elizabeth Cromwell at, 39 ;
Henry Ireton educated at, 87 ; in-
vestment of, ibid.
Oyle, Mr., m. Elizabeth Morse, 100 ;
issue :
Elizabeth (see Codrington), 100
Pallavicini, Sir Horace, former hus-
band of Sir Oliver Cromwell's
second wife, 15
Palmer, C. R., m. daughter of Grace
Callaghan, 155
Parker, Captain John, m. Katherine
Caroline Leslie, 163
Parker, Reginald A., m. Caroline
Field, 79
Peachey, Margaret (v. Russell), m.
Edward Peachey, 52 ; issue :
Elizabeth, m. Richard Peachey
(issue : Richard, William, and
Elizabeth, see Ellis), 52
Pelham, Lady Anne, daughter of
Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, m.
Thomas, Lord Pelham, afterwards
Earl of Chichester, 114, 132, 160 ;
issue :
Thomas, second Earl ; Henrietta
Anne (see Rothes), Henry (issue :
Katharine Elizabeth Anne, Fanny,
see Murray), 160, 16 1 ; Frances
(see Midleton), Lucy (see Sheffield),
Emily, George (Bishop), 161
Pelham, Lord, afterwards Earl of
Chichester, 113, 114, 132, 160
Pennyman, Dorothy, m. James
Worsley, 167
Pennyman, James Whyte, grandson
of James Worsley, 167
Pengelly, Mrs. Rachel, mentioned
in the Protector Richard's will,
29
Pengelly, Sir Thomas, friend of the
Protector Richard, 28, 31
Phillips, Miss, m. Allan Held, 78
Pierce, Richard, father of Agnes
Surriage, 133
Piers, Florence Louisa, daughter of
W. Stapleton Piers, second wife of
Major Ashton Cromwell Warner,
69
Pierson, Jane, daughter of Admiral
Sir W. H. Pierson, m. Samuel
Pryer Field, 77
Polhill, Thomas, of Otford, m. Eliza-
beth Ireton, 97
Polhill, Charles, 99 ; twice married,
ibid. ; issue :
(1) Tryphena Penelope (issue,
Stafford), (2) George (see below),
Charles, David, Patience, David,
Thomas Alfred, 99
Polhill, David, M.P., of Cheapstead,
98 ; leader of the Kentish Peti-
tioners, ibid.; thrice married, ibid. ;
issue :
(3) Charles (see above), Thomas,
Henry, John, Elizabeth, 98
Polhill, George, 99 ; issue :
Charles (issue : Beatrice Mary,
see Beadnell, Elizabeth Mary, see
Dobble), Mary Elizabeth Camp-
bell, Frederick Campbell, George,
Henry Western Onslow, 99
Pollard, Eliza Smith, daughter of
William Pollard, m. F. P. Barnard,
100
Porteous, Mary, daughter of Robert
Porteous, m. George Polhill, 99
Powle, Katharine, daughter of Right
Hon. Henry Powle, m. Henry
Ireton, 97
Powney, Peniston, m. daughter of
Frederick Frankland (issue : Me-
lissa), 131
Prescott, Elizabeth Oliveria, grand-
daughter of Oliver Cromwell of
Cheshunt, m. Frederick Joseph
Prescott, of Theobalds, Herts, 67 ;
issue :
Frederick George, Emma Eliza-
beth (see Gardner), George Frederick
(issue : Mary, Edward, Ernest,
Mildred), Charles Andrew (issue :
Charlotte Cromwell, Charles Cave
Cromwell, Oliveria Cromwell,
Kenneth Loder Cromwell), Edward
Barker (issue : Edward Frederick
William), Lucy Esther, Augusta
Index.
251
Sophia (see Burn), Henry Warner,
Edgar Grote (issue : Henry
Frederick, Edward Barker, Edgar
Evelyn, Margaret Oliveria, Herbert,
Nelly Margaret, Isabel Katharine),
Oliveria Louisa, 68
Pryer, Mary, daughter of Charles Pryer
of Titchfield, m. John Field, 74
Putney, land called "Cromwell's"
at, 3 ; lands held by Walter Crom-
well, 4-6
Ramsey Abbey estate granted to Sir
Richard Cromwell, 13; manor-
house erected, ibid. ; becomes the
property of Colonel Titus, 16
Randolph, H. Hammond, 264
Rattenbury, Hannah, 260, 261 ;
Elizabeth, 260
Rattenbury, John, will: nephew John
Cromwell, 261
Reynolds, Reuben, m. Henrietta
Maria Cromwell 263 ; issue :
Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds
and others, ibid.
Reynolds, Sir John, m. Sarah Russell,
127
Rhett, Sarah, daughter of the Chief
Justice of South Carolina, m.
Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland,
fifth Bart., 13S
Rich, Hon. Robert, m. Frances
Cromwell, 123, 125; his death, 126
Ripon, Frederick John Robinson,
Viscount Goderich and Earl, 172 ;
issue :
George Frederick Samuel, second
Earl (see below) ; Eleanor Hen-
rietta Victoria, 172
Ripon, George Frederick Samuel
Robinson, second Earl and first
Marquis, 174 ; issue :
Frederick Oliver, Lord de Grey ;
Mary Sarah, 174
Ripon, Henrietta Anne Theodosia,
Marchioness of, 175
Rivett, John, son of Colonel Rivett,
m. Frances Russell, 129
Rivett, Mary Joanna Cutts, daughter
of Colonel Rivett, m. Charles
Russell, 129
Roberts, Mrs. Anne, daughter of Jane
Morse, 100
Robertson, Sarah Anne Catherina,
daughter of Katharine Whinyates,
first m. Lieut. James Robertson,
148 ; issue :
James Alexander, Sarah Mary
Emily (see Chalmer), 148
Robison, Matilda, daughter of Roger
Frankland, m. Lieut. -Colonel W.
Robison, 141
Roche, Mary, eldest daughter of
Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland,
m. Sir Boyle Roche, Bart., 141
Roehampton, lands at granted to
Walter Cromwell, 6
Rodney, William P., m. Diana
Hotham Lubbock, 167
Rolt, Anne, daughter of Peter Rolt,
m. Clarence Augustus Collier,
153
Rothes, George William Evelyn,
eleventh Earl of, 163 ; issue :
George William Evelyn, twelfth
Earl ; Henrietta Anderson Mors-
head, Countess (see Leslie), 164
Rothes, George Wdliam Leslie, tenth
Earl of, m. Henrietta Anne Pelham,
160 ; issue :
Amelia, Mary, 163 ; Henrietta
Anne (Countess), 163 ; issue :
George William Evelyn, eleventh
Earl, Thomas Jenkins, Henrietta
Anne (see Murray), Mary Elizabeth
(see Haworth), Anna Maria (see
Courtenay), Katherine Caroline
(see Parker), 163
Roundell, Mary, daughter of Rev.
D. R. Roundell, second wife of
John Hotham, 166
Russell, Christian, eldest daughter of
Fiances Cromwell, 128
Russell, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
Francis Russell of Chippenham,
m. Henry Cromwell, fourth son of
the Protector, 43 ; death, 47 ; issue
48 ; letter to her from Lady Clay-
poole, 112
Russell, Elizabeth, daughter of the
Lord - Lieutenant, m. William
Russell of Fordham, 49 ; issue :
O'Brian William, Henry, John,
William, Edward, Thomas, Francis
(issue: Thomas, William, Rebecca,
see Dyer), Mary (see D'Aye), Sarah
(see Wilkins), 49 ; Mrs. Nelson,
.Margaret (see Peachey), 50
Russell, Elizabeth, second daughter
of Frances Cromwell, m. Sir
Thomas Frankland, second Bart.,
128, 130 ; issue :
Thomas, third Bart, (see Frank-
land), William, John, Henry (see
282
The House of Cromwell.
Frankland), Richard, 131; Frederick
Meinhardt (see Pelham), Robert,
Elizabeth (see Talbot), Frances or
Mary (see Worsley), Arabella, 132
Russell, Elizabeth Oliveria, daughter
of Oliver Cromwell of Cheshunt,
m. Thomas Artemidorus Russell,
64, 66 ; the last of the Protector's
blood, ibid. ; issue :
Elizabeth Oliveria (see Prescott),
Artemidorus Cromwell (issue :
Avarilla Oliveria Cromwell, see
Bush), Mary Esther (see Armstrong
and Huddlestone), John Henry
Cromwell (issue : Eliza Clementina
Frances Cromwell), 68 ; Thomas
Artemidorus Cromwell and Thomas
Artemidorus, Letitia Cromwell (see
Whitfield), Charles William Crom-
well, Emma Bridget (see Warner),
69
Russell, Gerard, 49
Russell, John, third son of Frances
Cromwell, 128 ; twice married,
ibid. ; issue :
(1) Frances, Charles (issue: Mary,
John, Mary, Elizabeth, see Green-
hill), 129
Russell, Rich, second son of Frances
Cromwell, 127 ; twice married,
ibid. ; issue :
(1) Mary (see Mills), 127
Russell, Sarah, daughter of Sir
Francis Russell, m. Sir John Rey-
nolds, 127
Russell, Sir Francis, 43, 49, 125, 127
Russell, Sir Francis, sixth Bart., 130
Russell, Sir Frederick William Frank-
land (see Frankland)
Russell, Sir George, tenth Bart., 130
Russell, Sir John, eighth Bart., 130
Russell, Sir John, ninth Bart., 130
Russell, Sir John, of Chippenham, 35,
125; second husband of Frances
Cromwell, 126
Russell, Sir Robert Frankland
assumes name of, 156
Russell, Sir Robert Greenhill, 156
Russell, Sir William, 49
Russell, Sir William, fourth Bart., 129
Russell, Sir William, fifth Bart., 129
Russell, Sir William, seventh Bart.,
130
Russell, Victoria, daughter of Earl
Russell, m. Rev. Henry Montague
Villiers, 178
Russell, William, of Fordham, 49
Rycroft, Mary, daughter of Sir
Richard Rycroft, m. Bishop George
Pelham, 161
St. John, Mrs., cousin to the Pro-
tector, 22, 23
St. Neot's, estates of the Priory of
granted to Sir Richard Cromwell,
Salmond, James, m. Rachel Marian
Constable, 170; issue:
Edward, 170
Saltrey, estates of the Priory of
granted to Sir Richard Cromwell, 13
Sanford, John Langton, vii, viii
Saunders, Miss, m. Henry Berners,
108
Say, Rev. Mr., 41, 102, 121
Scarth, Katharine Margaret, daughter
of Isaac Scarth, m. Sir Frederick
W. Frankland Russell, 158
Sewster, John, m. the Protector's
sister Anna, 189; issue:
John (issue), Robert, Lucy,
Robina (see Lockhart), Catharine,
Anna, 189
Shad well, F. B., m. Gertrude Maria
Gosset (issue), 156
Shaftesbury, Earl of, reference in
Diary of to the death of Frederick
Vyner, 175
Shafto, Eleanor, daughter of Rev.
Slingsby Duncombe Shafto, m.
Robert Charles Vyner, 175
Sharpe, Mary, niece of Samuel Rogers,
the poet, first wife of Edwin Wilkins
Field, 78
Sheffield, first Earl of, m. Lucy
Polham, 161
Shelley, Tryphena Penelope, daughter
of Sir John Shelley, of Mitchel
Grove, first wife of Charles Polhill,
99
Sherwill, William, father of Mary
Westby, m. William Cromwell,
" of Kirby Street," 55
Shute, Martha, sister of the first
Viscount Barrington, m. Henry
Bendysh, 107
Skelmersdale, Edward Bootle Wil-
braham, Baron, m. Alice Villiers,
181 ; issue :
Edward George, Villiers Richard,
Randle Arthur, Reginald Francis,
Alice Maud, Constance Adela,
Index.
283
Florence Mary, Bertha Mabel,
Edith Cecil, 181
Skinner, Mary, daughter of Nicholas
Skinner, second wife of Thomas,
seventh son of Major Henry Crom-
well, 61
Slaenforth, William, m. Elizabeth
Worsley, 167
Smelt, Dorothy, daughter of William
Smelt, m. Sir Thomas Frankland,
sixth Bart., 156
Smith, Abel, m. Susan Emma Pel-
ham, 163
Smith, Frances, daughter of Thomas
Smith, of Whinston, first wife of
Fleetwood, 92
Smith, Frances Katherine, daughter
of Francis Smith, m. Alfred Bar-
nard, 100
Smith, Katharine, of Colskirk, m.
Thomas Bendysh, 107
Smith, Virginia Katharine, daughter
of Eric Carrington Smith, m.
Francis Hyde Villiers, 181
Smith, William, uncle of Walter
Cromwell, 5
Snelling, William Henry, of the
Admiralty, m. Katharine Anne
Russell Field, 76
Spence, Miss, m. Henry Field
Wilkins, 80
Spinney Abbey, death of Henry
Cromwell, Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland, at, 19, 44 ; his children
born there, 48 ; sold by Major
Henry Cromwell, 54 ; 55
Squire's Mount, Hampstead, family
residence of the Fields, 85
Stacey, Mrs., of Oswego, 263
Stafford, George, m. Tryphena
Penelope Polhill, 99 ; issue :
Charles, Thomas George, 99
Stanley, Frederick Arthur, son of
Edward, fourteenth Earl of Derby,
m. Constance Villiers, 181 ;
issue :
Edward George Villiers, Victor
Albert, Geoffrey, Arthur, Ferdi-
nand Charles, Katharine Mary,
and others, 181
Steward, Elizabeth, of Ely, mother of
Oliver Cromwell, 19
Steward, Sir Thomas, maternal uncle
to Oliver Cromwell, 18
Stott, Ann, daughter of Samuel Stott,
m. Thomas Barnard, 100
Streatfeild, Martha, daughter of
Thomas Streatfeild, of Sevenoaks,
m. Charles Polhill, 98
Strickland, Sir George, seventh Bart.,
m. Mary Constable, 170; issue :
Charles William, eighth Bart.,
twice married (issue: (1) Walter
William ; (2) Frederick, Eustace
Edward, Henry, Esther Anne),
171 ; Frederick, 170 ; Henry
Strickland {see Constable), Lucy
Henrietta {see Marriott), 171
Sunman, Mary Rus.-ell {v. Addison),
m. Robert Sunman, 50 ; issue :
Mary Addison, Robert, 50
Surriage, Agnes, the celebrated beauty,
133 ; her connection with Sir
Charles Henry Frankland, fourth
Bart., ibid. ; in earthquake at
Lisbon, 135; marriages, 136, 137 ;
death, 137
Sutton, Mrs. Ellenor, daughter of
Charlotte Nicholas, 154
Sykes, Lucy Elizabeth, daughter of
Rev. Christopher Sykes, m. Charles
Hotham, 166
Talbot, Elizabeth (z>. Russell), daughter
of Sir Thomas Frankland, m. Roger
Talbot, 132 ; issue :
Arabella or Elizabeth {see Gee),
164
Tattershall Castle, near Boston, Lin-
colnshire, 1
Tatton, Henrietta, daughter of Thomas
William Tatton, m. Bishop John
Thomas Pelham, 162
Temple, Hon. Frances, sister of Lord
Palmerston, m. Admiral Sir William
Bowles, 144
Tennant, Charles, m. Gertrude Bar-
bara Rich Collier, 154
Thomas, Inigo Freeman, m. Frances
Anne, daughter of fourth Viscount
Midleton, 161
Thomas, Ralph, solicitor, m. Letitia
Eliza Field, 76
Thompson, Maria, daughter of Henry
Thompson, first wife of John Ho-
tham, 166
Thurlbone, Joanna, of The Chequers,
Bucks, second wife of John Russell,
128
Thurloe, 30, 91, 117, 123, 218
Tidman, Frances, daughter of John
Tidman, first wife of Thomas,
284
The House of Cromwell.
seventh son of Major Henry Crom-
well, 61
Tillotson, Archbishop, 107 ; second
husband of the Protector's sister
Robina, 190 ; issue :
A son, Elizabeth, Mary {see Chad-
wick), 190
Tilsley, George, of Chipping Norton,
m. Harriet Wilkins, 80
Todd, Elizabeth, 259, 261
Topham, Diana, daughter of Francis
Topham, first wife of Sir Thomas
Frankland, third Bart., 132
Trahearn, Elizabeth, 260
Trevor, Elizabeth, first wife of David
Polhill, 98
Usborne, Edith Alice, daughter of
Thomas M. Usborne, m. Ralph
William Gallwey, 157
Vacher, Major F. S. , m. Eliza Hen-
rietta Augusta Frankland, 159
Vansittart, Henry, Governor of Bengal,
101
Vidal, Mary Mabel, m. Edward Frank-
land Gosset, 156
Villiers, George, son of Thomas, Earl
of Clarendon, m. Theresa, daughter
of first Baron Boringdon, 176 ;
issue :
George William Frederick, fourth
Earl of Clarendon {see Clarendon),
Thomas Hyde, Right Hon. Charles
Pelham Villiers, Chairman of the
Anti-Corn Law League, 176; Ed-
ward Ernest (issue : Ernest, Maria
Theresa, see Earl, Edith, see Bulwer-
Lytton, Elizabeth), Henry Mon-
tague, see below, 177 ; Augustus
Algernon, Maria Theresa {see Lister
and Lewis), 178
Villiers, Henry Montague, Bishop,
177 ; issue :
Henry Montague (issue : Henry
Montague, John Russell, Thomas
Lister, another son, Frances Ade-
laide, Gwendolen Mary, Rhoda
Victoria, Margaret Evelyn, Dorothy,
Mabel Agatha, Katharine Helen),
177, 178 ; Frederick Ernest, Amy
Maria {see Cheese), Gertrude Fanny,
Mary Agneta, Evelyn Theresa, 178
Vyner, Captain Henry, m. Mary
Gertrude, daughter of Earl de
Grey, 174 ; ssue :
Henry Frederick, Reginald Ar-
thur, Robert Charles (issue : Mary
Evelyn, see Compton, Violet Aline,
see Loughborough) ; Frederick
Grantham, Henrietta Anne Theo-
dosia, Marchioness of Ripon, 175 ;
Theodosia, Marchioness of North-
ampton, 176
Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, fifth
Baron, m. Augusta Louisa Frank-
land, 156 ; issue :
Thomas, sixth Baron, 156
Walter, Louisa, m. William Matthew
Gosset, 154
Wandsworth, fulling mill in, leased
to John Cromwell, of Norwell, 2, 3
Warner, Emma Bridget {v. Russell of
Cheshunt), m. Captain Richard
Warner, 69 ; issue :
Ashton Cromwell, twice married
(issue : (1) Ashton Darell Crom-
well ; (2) Bridget Nora Cromwell,
Lionel Ashton Piers, Maijorie Ellin,
Esther Hastings), 69 ; Richard Ed-
ward (issue : Constance Emma
Cromwell, Leonard Ottley, Mary
Challoner, Basil Hall, Richard
Cromwell, Lawrence Dundas,
Wynyard Alexander, Marmaduke),
Wynyard Huddleston, 70
Warren, Joan, daughter of Sir Ralph
Warren, Lord Mayor of London,
m. Sir Henry Cromwell, 14
Warton, Caroline, daughter of Sir
Warton Penyman Warton, m.
Roger Gee, 164
Watt, Caroline, daughter of Richard
Watt, first wife of George Hotham,
165
Wauton, Colonel Valentine, m. (first
wife) Margaret, sister of the Pro-
tector, 23, 188, 189 ; issue:
George, Valentine, George,
Robert, Anna, Ralph (?), 189
Waylen, James, v
Webb, Harriet Lavinia, daughter of
Rev. R. Holden Webb, m. Arthur
Wellesley Gosset, 155
Webber, Rev. G. H., m. Frances
Worsley, 168
Westby, Mary, widow of Thomas
Westby, of Linton, m. William
Cromwell " of Kirby Street," 55
Westenra, Hon. Norah, m. Gilbert
Stirling Chalmer, 148
Index.
285
Westminster, *' Lorde Crumwell " of,
1
Westminster Abbey, 38, 88, 109, 220,
221
Weston, Elizabeth, m. Henry Berners,
108
Whalley, Sarah Marianne, m. General
Frederick William Whinyates,
R.E., 147
Whinyates, Katharine, sixth daughter
of Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland,
m. Major Thomas Whinyates, 145;
issue :
Thomas, Admiral, 145 ; Russell
Manners Mertolu, Edward Charles,
General, K.C.B., K.H., 146;
George Burrington, Frederick Wil-
liam, General, R. E. (issue: Har-
riet, Emily Marianne, Frederick
Thomas, Edward Henry, Francis
Arthur, Albert William Orme, Amy
Octavia, Charles Elidon), Francis
Frankland, General, 147 ; Sarah
Anne Catherina (see Robertson and
Vour.ghusband), Amy, Rachel,
Ellen Margaret, Isabella Jane,
Mercy, Caroline Charlotte, Octavia,
Letitia, 145
Whi thread, Samuel, m. Isabel Char-
lotte Pelham, 163 ; issue :
Maud (m. Charles Whitbread),
163
White, Jeremiah, chaplain to the
Protector Oliver, 35, 57, 123-125
White, Christina, daughter of Edward
White of Glasgow, m. Horace
Field, 79
Whitehall, 37, 49, 57, in
Whitfield, Letitia Cromwell (v. Rus-
sell of Cheshunt), m. Frederick
Whitfield, M.D., 69 ; issue :
Amy, Elizabeth (?), 69
Whitstone, Roger, first husband of
the Protector's sister Catharine,
186
Wilkins, Dr. John, 34, 35, m. the
Protector's sister Robina, 190
Wilkins, Mary, daughter of William
Wilkins, Baptist minister, m. Wil
liam Field, 78
Wilkins, Mrs. Robina, 113 (see Crom-
well, Robina)
Wilkins, Sarah (v. Russell), m. Mar-
tin Wilkins of Soham, 49, 52
Wilkins, Rev. William, m. as second
wife Letitia Field, So ; issue :
William, Letitia (issue, Ken-
dall), Henry Field, Harriet, 80
Williams resumed as family name by
the elder branch of the Cromwells,
15
Williams, Clara, daughter of II. Wil-
liams, m. Augustus Charles Frank-
land, 141
Williams, John, father of Morgan, 8
Williams, John, son of above, a Yeo-
man of the Crown, 8
Williams, Morgan, m. Katharine
Cromwell, 8
Williams, Richard, son of Katharine
Cromwell, 8 ; knighted and assumes
name of Cromwell, 9 (see Crom-
well, Sir Richard)
Wills and Registers containing names
of Cromwells, 191-106
Wilson, Rachel, m. Vincent Crom-
well, 263
Wimbledon, Court Rolls of the Manor
of, 2
Wimbledon, John Cromwell buried
at, 3 ; Walter Cromwell dies at, 7
Wolverton, Charlotte, daughter of
Charles Wolverton of Great Yar
mouth, m. WTilliam Oliver Crom
well Addison, 51
Woolgrish or Woolghist, Venetia, m
Thomas Cromwell of Huntingdon
shire, 262
Worsley, Frances or Mary (v. Russell)
daughter of Sir Thomas Frankland
m. Thomas Worsley, 132 ; issue :
Thomas (issue : Edward, George,
see below, and others), 168 ; James
(issue : James, Ralph, Richard
Dorothy), 167 ; Mary (see Constable)
Elizabeth (see Slaenforth), Katha
rine, Frances (see Grantham), 167
Worsley, George, 168 ; issue :
George, Edward, William (see
below), Marcus (issue), Thomas,
Frederick Cayley, Septimus Launce-
lot, Henry Francis (issue), Charles
Valentine, Arthur, Digby Edmund,
Isabella (.rtr Blackden), Philadelphia
I Coltman), Anne, Frances (see
Webber), ibid.
Worsley, William, 168 ; issue :
Thomas Robinson, William Cay-
ley, Sophia Harriet, Arthington,
Katherine Louisa, Anna Barbara,
ibid.
Worthington, William, 261
286
The House of Cromwell.
Wrangham, Philadelphia Frances
Esther, daughter of Archdeacon
Wrangham, m. Edward William
Barnard, 165
Yeoman, Mary Jametta Hale, daugh-
ter of Major Constantine Yeoman,
m. Richard Edward Warner, 70
Yorke, Mary Jemima, daughter of
Philip, second Earl Hardwicke, m.
Thomas, second Baron Grantham,
172
Younghusband, Captain Robert,
second husband of Sarah Anne
Catherine Whinyates, 148
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